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  • penicillin fermentation  (1)
  • unsteady-state analysis  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen Diffusion Coefficients in Commonly Used Topical Semisolid Creams (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 92-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: steady-state analysis ; unsteady-state analysis ; USP XXI hydrophilic ointment ; phase–volume ratio ; 1% anthralin products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to determine oxygen diffusion coefficients, permeabilities, and solubilities in a commonly used o/w topical ointment (similar to USP XXI hydrophilic ointment) and four commercial 1% anthralin creams. A new method developed by Ju and Ho in 1986 by applying a coupled steady-state and unsteady-state analysis for oxygen diffusion through a thin layer of test material on the surface of a membrane-covered polarographic oxygen electrode was used in the study. The results indicate that oxygen diffusion coefficients decrease with an increasing petrolatum concentration in o/w topical creams. The oxygen diffusion coefficients in four commercial creams containing 1% of extremely oxygen-sensitive anthralin were also determined using the same method. The information generated in this study can lead to a better understanding of the diffusion transport mechanism of oxygen in the topical creams and, thus, be useful to the formulation design of oxygen-sensitive drugs in semisolid dosage forms intended for topical, ophthalmic, and parenteral use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015936100750
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Carbon dioxide on the Rheological behavior and oxygen transfer in submerged penicillin fermentations (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 1223-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: penicillin fermentation ; carbon dioxide effect ; oxygen transfer ; oxygen diffusion ; rheological behavior ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentations of Penicillium chrysogenum have been made with different CO2 contents in the influent gas streams. The rheological behavior of the culture broth was found to be significantly changed by exposure to high levels of CO2. This is attributed to the wide variation in the morphology of P. chrysogenum, from normal mycelia with long hyphae to roughly spherical pellets when subjected to high levels of CO2. A correlation has been developed relating volumetric O2 transfer coefficients, kLa, with the effective O2 diffusion coefficients, De, and the apparent viscosities, μapp, based on the results obtained in this study. The use of CO2 as a potent means for altering the rheological properties of culture broths and consequently improving the O2 transfer capabilities in penicillin fermentations was clearly demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260381015
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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