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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1867-1872 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth of chemical vapor deposited copper using hexafluoroacetylacetonate-Cu(I)-trimethylvinylsilane on physical vapor deposited tantalum and chemical vapor deposited titanium nitride was studied by means of electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the nucleation densities are about two orders of magnitude higher on TiN than on Ta. This leads to an increased roughness of films deposited on Ta compared to those produced on TiN. Moreover, the Cu films on the Ta substrate show a large number of voids, whereas no such voids were observable in the Cu films deposited on top of TiN. A simplified model for the influence of gas-surface reaction and surface self-diffusion on the shape of the Cu grains was developed. This model, which is supported by the experimental data, shows that if the grain shape changes from spherical to nonspherical before coalescence with neighboring grains, voids occur. A critical grain size and nucleation density of about 150 nm and 5×1013 m−2, respectively, were calculated for the deposition conditions used in this work. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 83 (1977), S. 284-286 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): erythema ; brightness ; saturation ; wavelength ; color tone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Special colorimetric scales for estimating erythema of the skin have been developed on the basis of general views regarding the objective nature of color perception and of colorimetric tables in a color atlas. These scales can be used to estimate common or allergic inflammation of the skin produced experimentally in the course of acute and chronic diseases. The system of the evaluation takes into account experience obtained with the assessment of inflammation of the skin on a point scale and the description of the erythema with the aid of the three physical parameters of color: its brightness (ϱ, %), its wavelength (λ, nm), and its saturation (P, %).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1996), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): grain boundary diffusion ; grain boundary phase transition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The grain boundary diffusion in a binary system which exhibits a grain boundary phase transition is considered in the framework of Fisher's model. The kinetic law of the growth of the grain boundary phase and the distribution of the diffusant near the grain boundary are calculated. The method of determining of the concentration dependence of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient from the experimentally measured penetration profiles of the diffusant along the grain boundaries is suggested. The experimental results on Zn diffusion in Fe(Si) bicrystals, Ni diffusion in Cu bicrystals and grain boundary grooving in Al in the presence of liquid In are discussed in light of the suggested model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1996), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): triple junctions ; grain boundary diffusion ; migration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The grain boundary diffusion in a system with triple junctions is considered in such a geometry, in which the flows of diffusing atoms meet at the triple line. The solutions of the diffusion equation is given in the frameworks of Fisher's model and under the assumption of quasi-stationary distribution of the diffusing atoms along the grain boundaries. The change of the mechanical equilibrium at the triple junction due to the increase of the concentration of solute atoms is considered. It is shown that under some circumstances the triple junction looses its stability with respect to migration in the direction to the diffusion source. The stability diagrams in the segregation-diffusivity parameter space are plotted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 7 (1999), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): triple junctions ; mobility of grain boundaries ; non-equilibrium segregation ; grain growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the steady state migration of the triple junction in the tricrystal with impurities which segregate strongly at the grain boundaries. If the mobility of impurities inside grain boundaries is much higher than the rate of impurity atoms jumps from the grain boundary into the bulk, the triple junction migration causes the divergence of the impurity content at the triple point. We show that this divergence can be relaxed either by the non-equilibrium segregation at the growing grain boundary or by the formation of the inclusion of the impurity-rich phase at the triple point. In the former case the dihedral angle at the triple point differs considerably from its equilibrium value and is strongly temperature-dependent. However, the triple junction cannot be described as an individual object with its own mobility. In the latter case of the cavity formation at the triple point the triple junction can be characterized by its own mobility. It is shown that the dependence of the triple junction migration rate on the driving force is approximately linear at the low migration rates and highly nonlinear at high migration rates. Moreover, there is the maximal allowable steady-state migration rate of the system “triple junction-inclusion”. For the higher migration rates the jerky motion of the triple junction occurs. Both models are in a good agreement with the experimental data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 1 (1993), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): Grain boundary motion ; grain boundary diffusion ; DIGM
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A theory of diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) is presented for high temperatures where volume diffusion of solute atoms out of the grain boundary is important. It is shown that due to the presence of a gradient term in the expression for the free energy of solid solution, even a relatively small discontinuity in the solute distribution across the gain boundary provides enough driving force for grain boundary migration. From the expression obtained for the grain boundary velocity the coefficient for the Ni diffusion across the grain boundaries in a Cu(Ni) polycrystal has been estimated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 1 (1994), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): Grain boundary wetting ; wetting phase transition ; wetting under hydrostatic pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Bicrystals of Fe-6 at.% Si alloy containing 〈001〉 Σ5 tilt grain boundaries with a deposited zinc layer have been annealed at various hydrostatic pressure at four temperatures between 700° and 905°C. After the anneals the dihedral angle ϑ of the grain boundary groove formed at the site of the grain boundary intersection with the solid-melt interphase boundary has been measured. The transition from complete to incomplete wetting of the grain boundary by the zinc-rich melt (dewetting phase transition) has been found to occur as the pressure increased at all temperatures studied. The temperature dependence of the dewetting transition pressure p w has been determined. That dependence has a minimum at a temperature of 790°C, which is close to the peritectic temperature in the Fe−Zn system (782°C). A thermodynamic analysis of the wetting phenomena in the two-component system, based on Becker's regular solution model for the surface tension of the interphase boundary, explains the minimum in the p w (T) dependence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): diffusion-induced grain boundary migration ; coherency strain ; solute drag
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Recent experimental data on diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) are reviewed. For the case of the coherency strain driving force, quantitative criteria for the occurrence of DIGM are suggested, which establish the relationship between the net driving force for grain boundary migration, the diffusivity in the vicinity of the grain boundary, the enthalpy of the grain boundary segregation, the misfit parameter for the solute atoms in the matrix and the solubility of the diffusing element in the matrix. It is shown that an upper limit for the grain boundary velocity during DIGM exists due to the solute drag effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 197-203 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): grain boundary diffusion ; dislocation pipe diffusion ; diffusion in nanocrystals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A generalization of the Fisher model of the grain boundary diffusion is suggested, which takes into account the diffusion along short circuit diffusion paths (i.e., dislocations) in the bulk of crystalline grains. For the B-regime of the grain boundary diffusion, three different penetration modes have been found: at the short times the penetration depth of the element diffusing along the grain boundary is given by the Whipple solution of the Fisher model, but with the pipe diffusion coefficients along the dislocation cores instead of the volume diffusivities; at the intermediate times the penetration depth is a weak function of time, and at the large times the penetration depth again increases with time according to the Whipple solution, however, the rate of this increase is much smaller than in the initial period of time. The applications of the model for diffusion in nanomaterials are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Schlagwort(e): grain boundary energy ; diffusion ; segregation ; solid/liquid interface ; wetting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The pressure effect on grain boundary wetting in Fe-6 at.%Si bicrystals of different misorientation angles but constant misorientation axis has been studied. The wetting agent was liquid zinc. It was found that the pressure for the dewetting transition is higher for the near Σ5 boundary than for the other general boundaries, where Σ is the inverse density of the coincidence sites in the two misoriented crystal lattices. This result was explained assuming a thinner liquid film wetting the near Σ5 boundary than in the case of nonperiodic grain boundaries. Furthermore, the wetting angle increased with increasing pressure. The wetting angle dependence on pressure could be understood assuming a excess surface volume of the solid/liquid (S/L) interface higher than 0.2 nm. This is considerably higher than the estimated excess volumes of grain boundaries based on computer simulations. To explain this result, it was postulated that in the system studied, where diffusion of Zn, Fe and Si perpendicular to the S/L interface takes place, the S/L interface is relatively thick and the interaction between the two crystals separated by the melt extends over more than 2 nm distance. This long-range interaction was rationalized in terms of clusters of several atoms, detaching from the solid and dissolving in the melt at some distance from the bulk.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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