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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 5 (1984), S. 641-644 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Competitive binding ; Endogenous benzodiazepine ligands ; GABA ; High pressure liquid chromatography ; Human cerebrospinal fluid ; Peptide
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Noradrenaline ; Electrical Stimulation ; Chemical Sympathectomy ; Blood Pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The third ventricle and the aqueduct of the anaesthetized cat were cannulated and the hypothalamus was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus posterior of the hypothalamus elicited a rise of the blood pressure of 58±3 mm Hg (n=20). Superfusion of the hypothalamus with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing bretylium (5×10−3 M) caused a gradual and long lasting impairment of the rise of blood pressure due to stimulation of the nucleus posterior. Tetracaine (1×10−3 M) diminished the rise of blood pressure to about the same extent as did 5×10−3M of bretylium; the inhibitory action of tetracaine was completely reversed within 120 min. Pretreatment of cats with 6-hydroxydopamine, which was applied through a Collison cannula implanted into the lateral ventricle, evoked a decrease of the noradrenaline content of the hypothalamus and of the rest of the brain and an impairment of the rise of blood pressure during stimulation of the nucleus posterior (33±3 mm Hg;n=6). The blood pressure of the anaesthetized cats was not affected by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Superfusion of the hypothalamus with desipramine (1×10−4M) enhanced the rise of blood pressure elicited by electrical stimulation. The results are compatible with the assumption that the rise of blood pressure during stimulation of the nucleus posterior of the hypothalamus is mediated by adrenergic neurons of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 257 (1967), S. 52-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 276 (1973), S. 103-118 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Noradrenaline ; Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Electrical Stimulation ; Push-Pull Cannula ; Blood Pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The third ventricle and the aqueduct of anaesthetized cats were cannulated and the posterior area of the hypothalamus was stimulated with a monopolar electrode. Electrical stimulation of the posterior area evoked a rise of the arterial blood pressure which was inhibited by the injection of 0.2 ml of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA, 2M) into the third ventricle. The impairment of the pressor response to electrical stimulation was accompanied by a fall of the “resting” blood pressure and depression of the respiration, presumably by action of GABA on brain areas in the vicinity of the fourth ventricle. In another series of experiments the posterior area was labelled with (±)-3H-noradrenaline and 2 h later superfused with a push-pull cannula and stimulated with the tip of the cannula. Superfusion with GABA (0.1 or 1 M) evoked a dose-dependent increase of release of catecholamines and enhanced the pressor response to electrical stimulation. 1×10−3 M of GABA enhanced the pressor response without increasing the spontaneous release of catecholamines but potentiated the output of radioactivity during electrical stimulation. Superfusion with sucrose (1 M) did not influence either pressor response or release of radioactive compounds. Superfusion with GABA increased slightly but significantly the relative concentration of catechols in the effluents and reduced that of normetanephrine. Pretreatment of animals with pargyline and tropolone evoked a pronounced increase of the relative concentrations of catechols in the effluent, while those of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid were strongly reduced. It is concluded that superfusion with high concentrations of GABA enhances the pressor response by increasing the release of catecholamines, while the effect of low GABA concentrations is due to facilitation of release of catecholamines from the adrenergic nerve endings during electrical stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 276 (1973), S. 119-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Locus coeruleus ; Blood Pressure ; Adrenergic Neurones ; Electrocoagulation ; Electrical Stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus or of the hypothalamic posterior area of cats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia elicited a rise of the arterial blood pressure. Electrocoagulation of the hypothalamic posterior area or its lesion by the injection of ethanol significantly diminished the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus. The pressor response to electrical stimulation of the area posterior was almost completely abolished after electro-coagulation and strongly inhibited after injection of ethanol. It is suggested that adrenergic neurones ascending from the locus coeruleus to the posterior hypothalamus may be involved in the hypothalamic regulation of the arterial blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 278 (1973), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Nucleus of the Solitary Tract ; Noradrenaline ; Push Pull Cannula ; Alpha-Adrenoreceptor Blocking Agents ; Clonidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior area of the hypothalamus of anaesthetized cats was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula. Electrical stimulation with the non-insulated tip of the cannula elicited a rise of the mean arterial blood pressure. Superfusion of the hypothalamic posterior area with tolazoline or piperoxan caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the pressor responses to electrical stimulation. Labelling of the posterior area with 3H-noradrenaline 2 h before the beginning of the superfusion showed that the inhibitory effect of tolazoline on the pressor responses was accompanied by an increased release of total radioactivity and an enhanced per cent release of 3H-noradrenaline, while that of its metabolites was reduced. Superfusion of the nucleus of the solitary tract with clonidine evoked a dose-dependent inhibition of the pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral hypothalamic posterior area. It is concluded that 1. Alpha-adrenoreceptors are present in the posterior hypothalamus and are involved in the blood pressure rise elicited by its electrical stimulation. 2. A feedback mechanism is present in the hypothalamus which regulates the release of noradrenaline and which is mediated by alpha-adrenoreceptors; inhibition of the regulation of the release of noradrenaline by alpha-adrenoreceptors blocking agents leads to an enhanced release of the neuro-transmitter. 3. Activation of the inhibitory pathways of the nucleus of the solitary tract by clonidine diminishes the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic posterior area. 4. Two adrenergic systems localized in different areas of the central nervous system oppose each other in their regulatory effects on arterial blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 258 (1967), S. 238-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Noradrenaline ; Storage ; Calcium ; Acetylcholine ; Hypothalamus ; Noradrenalin ; Speicherung ; Calcium ; Acetylcholin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Schweine-Hypothalami wurden durch Differentialzentrifugieren fraktioniert und der Noradrenalin- sowie der Eiweiß-Stickstoff-Gehalt der gewonnenen sechs Fraktionen bestimmt. Die Fraktionen III (30 000 g), IV (60 000 g) und V (100 000 g) enthalten den größten Noradrenalin-Gehalt pro mg Eiweiß und stellen somit die spezifischen Fraktionen dar, in denen das Noradrenalin hauptsächlich partikulär gebunden vorliegt. Der molare Quotient Noradrenalin/ATP der Fraktion 30 000–100 000 g beträgt 0,56. Die aminspeichernden Vesikel der Fraktion 30 000–100 000 g wurden 60 min lang bei 37°C inkubiert. Die spontane Noradrenalin-Freisetzung ist mit 31% des Ausgangsgehaltes etwa gleich groß wie die spontane Adrenalin-Freisetzung aus isolierten Nebennierenmark-Granula. Reserpin sowie kleine Prenylamin-Konzentrationen (60 nmol/ml) hemmen die spontane Noradrenalin-Freisetzung, während große Prenylamin-Konzentrationen (1,2 μmol/ml) eine fast vollständige Noradrenalin-Verarmung der Vesikel verursachen. Inkubation mit verschiedenen Calcium-Konzentrationen verursacht eine dosisabhängige Noradrenalin-Freisetzung. Acetylcholin ist ebenfalls in der Lage, die spontane Noradrenalin-Freisetzung zu erhöhen. Bei der gleichzeitigen Inkubation mit Calcium und Acetylcholin konnte keine Addition der Wirkungen der beiden Substanzen festgestellt werden. Reserpin vermag die durch Calcium bedingte Noradrenalin-Freisetzung zu hemmen.
    Notes: Summary In order to study the subcellular distribution of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus this region was removed from pig brains and fractionated by differential centrifugation. From the six obtained fractions fraction III (30,000 g), IV, (60,000 g), and V (100,000 g) contain the highest amounts of noradrenaline per mg protein (69, 60 and 47 ng/mg protein respectively). These fractions represent therefore the main noradrenaline storing fractions of the hypothalamus. The molar ratio noradrenaline/ATP of the vesicles of the fraction 30,000–100,000 g is 0.56. The noradrenaline storing vesicles of the fraction 30,000–100,000 g of the hypothalamus were incubated for 60 min at 37°C. The spontaneous release of noradrenaline amounts to 31% of the original noradrenaline content of the vesicles. It is therefore of the same order of magnitude as the spontaneous release of adrenaline from isolated granules of the suprarenal medulla. Reserpine and prenylamine (60 nmoles/ml) inhibit the spontaneous release of noradrenaline whereas 1.2 μmoles prenylamine/ml deplete the vesicles almost completely. Incubation of the hypothalamus vesicles with calcium chloride (0.31–5.0 μmoles/ml) causes a dose dependent release of noradrenaline. Acetylcholine (55 nmoles/ml) is also able to increase the spontaneous release of noradrenaline. By simultaneous incubation with calcium and acetylcholine no addition of the effects of both substances on the release of noradrenaline could be observed. Reserpine prevents the calcium-induced release of noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 380 (1986), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 599-599 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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