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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 55 (1976), S. 175-189 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Highmolecular polycarbonates can be synthesized by interfacial polycondensation from o,o,o′,o′-tetramethylsubstituted bisphenols and phosgene although the phenolic OH-groups are greatly hindered sterically by the methyl groups. For the synthesis of these polycarbonates it is necessary to use high concentrations of the catalyst, high pH-values, a good excess amount of phosgene and a long condensation period. The polycarbonates are characterized by high second order transition temperatures, excellent hydrolytical stability, low refractive indexes and a good thermoplastic processability. Particularly the polycarbonate from 2,2-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane has a well balanced combination of properties, among which is a good compatibility with bisphenol-A-polycarbonate, polystyrene and polyvinylchloride.
    Notes: Aus o,o,o′,o′-tetramethylsubstituierten Bisphenolen und Phosgen lassen sich trotz starker sterischer Hinderung der OH-Gruppen durch die Methylsubstituenten nach dem Verfahren der Zweiphasengrenzflächenkondensation hochmolekulare Polycarbonate herstellen. Voraussetzung dafür sind die Anwendung hoher Katalysatorkonzentrationen, die Aufrechterhaltung hoher pH-Werte, der Einsatz eines hohen Phosgenüberschusses und das Einhalten langer Kondensationszeiten. Die Polycarbonate zeichnen sich durch hohe Einfriertemperaturen, gute Hydrolysestabilität, niedrige Brechungsindices und gute thermoplatische Verarbeitbarkeit aus. Das Polycarbonat aus 2,2-Bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan besitzt eine besonders ausgewogene Kombination von Eigenschaften, insbesondere auch gute Verträglichkeit mit Polymeren wie Bisphenol-A-Polycarbonat, Polystyrol und Polyvinylchlorid.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Ferroelectric polymers ; Nonvolatile RAM's ; Optical data storage ; New polycarbonates with high heat resistance ; Structure-property relationships for polycarbonates ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Polymers possess great significance in data storage technology. Taking as an example electrical and optical data storage, the state of development, properties required and opportunities for application of selected polymers are discussed, namely: (i) ferroelectric polymers with low switching voltages and extremely short switching times for electric data storage; and (ii) transparent polymers with low birefringence and high thermal stability for optical data storage.In the area of electrical data storage devices/memories, ferroelectric polymers have not been able to establish themselves up to now due to their long switching time and limited thermal stability. However, recent investigations show that suitable copolymers based on PVDF/TrFE copolymers in ultra-thin layers can achieve switching times of ≤100 ns. Nevertheless, the limited thermal stability of PVDF/TrFE copolymers prevent them from being integrated into the usual manufacturing process for Si-based data storage devices (D-RAM resp. S-RAM) and thereby frustrates the desired objective of producing nonvolatile random access memories (NV-RAMs).In the area of optical data storage technology, polycarbonate (PC) has established itself due to its favorable combination of properties. Thus, audio compact disks (CDs) are manufactured exclusively of PC, while high-flow PC types of high optical purity are clearly the preferred substrate material for optical data storage disks. The increasingly stringent requirements to be met in terms of lower birefringence and better thermal stability mean that the development of suitable modified or substituted polycarbonates is required. The development work being carried out worldwide in this area is reviewed here, and new suitable substituted polycarbonates with lower birefringence and significantly increased thermal stability up to glass temperatures of 238°C are presented.In addition, we deduce structure - property relationships for the above-mentioned structurally modified polycarbonates, specifically considering rotation potentials along the polymer backbone.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Branched thermoplastic processable polyphosphonic acid esters with high molecular weights and exceptionally high flame resistance can be synthesized by alkaline catalyzed polycondensations of aromatic dihydroxy compounds and phosphonic acid diarylesters using small amounts of special branching monomers simultaneously. The mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties of a typical representative of this polymer class  -  the poly(4,4′-dioxydiphenylmethylphosphonate)  -  are described. It is shown that this poly(methylphosphonate) is an easily processable, heat resistant, and very impact resistant plastic material having the highest flame resistance of all halogenfree thermoplastics even outperforming most of the halogen containing plastics (measured by the oxygen index). Experimental results of pyrolysis using air describe the positioning of the chemically bound phosphorous: the gases contain 2/3 of the polymerbound phosphorous as phosphoric acid and methylphosphonic acid while 1/3 is found in the pyrolysis residue. The levels of heat resistance of the poly(phosphonates) can be increased by incorporation of carbonate or arylester groups via cocondensation procedures; therefore, yielding thermoplastic amorphous poly(carbonatophosphonates) or polyesterphosphonates are tough plastic materials showing at the same time significantly improved flame resistance.
    Notes: Durch alkalikatalysierte Polykondensation aromatischer Dihydroxyverbindungen mit Phosphonsäurediarylestern in Gegenwart geringer Mengen an speziellen verzweigenden Monomeren wurden verzweigte, hochmolekulare, thermoplastisch verarbeitbare Polyphosphonsäureester erhalten, die eine herausragende Flammwidrigkeit zeigen. Die mechanischen, thermischen, elektrischen und chemischen Eigenschaften eines typischen Vertreters dieser Thermoplastklasse  -  dem Poly[4,4′-dioxydiphenylmethylphosphonat]  -  werden erstmals beschrieben. Es zeigt sich, daß das obengenannte Polymethylphosphonat zu den gut thermoplastisch verarbeitbaren, wärmeformbeständigen, äßerst schlag- und kerbschlagzähen Kunststoffen gerechnet werden kann, das innerhalb der halogenfreien Thermoplaste die höchste Flammwidrigkeit besitzt und sogar einen Großteil der hochhalogenhaltigen Kunststoffe in der Brandwidrigkeit übertrifft. Über den Verbleib des chemisch gebundenen Phosphors unter Pyrolysebedingungen an Luft wird eine Aussage gegeben: die Pyrolysegase enthalten ca. 2/3 des im Polymeren gebundenen Phosphors in Form von Phosphorsäure und Methylphosphonsäure. Die Anhebung der Wärmeformbeständigkeit der Polyphosphonate gelingt durch Einkondensation von Carbonat- und Arylestergruppen unter Bildung von thermoplastischen amorphen Polycarbonatophosphonaten und Polyesterphosphonaten  -  ebenfalls Kunststoffen mit signifikant verbesserten Brand-widrigkeitseigenschaften.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 12 (1991), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 103 (1991), S. 1626-1638 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei den Technischen Thermoplasten gehört Polycarbonat zusammen mit den Acrylnitril/Butadien/Styrol-Copolymeren und den Polyamiden zur Spitzengruppe; weiteres dynamisches Mengenwachstum wird ihm vorhergesagt. Ein wesentlicher Grund für diesen “Höhenflug” ist - neben einer herausragenden Kombination von Basiseigenschaften und einem günstigen Preis/Leistungsverhältnis - das in der Grundstruktur liegende chemische und physikalische Potential. Diese Übersicht zeigt Beispiele dafür, wie dieses Potential durch den Einbau eigenschaftsbestimmender alternativer Monomere, die Änderung der linearen Struktur, die Variation von Endgruppen, die Zugabe spezieller Additive sowie durch Legierungsbildung zur Herstellung neuer Polycarbonat-Werkstoffe genutzt werden kann. Besonders herausgestellt wird die Entwicklung hochwärmeformbeständiger Polycarbonate mit weiteren technisch wertvollen Eigenschaften. Von wissenschaftlichem wie praktischem Interesse ist das dabei erkannte neue Kriterium für hochwärmeformbeständige und zugleich ausreichend zähe Polycarbonate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30 (1991), S. 1598-1610 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Materials science ; Polymers ; Polycarbonates ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polycarbonate together with the acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers, and the poly amides constitute the leading groups of engineering thermoplastics; for polycarbonate in particular, continued dynamic growth is prophesized.The underlying reason for this lies not only in its outstanding combination of technical properties and excellent price/performance balance, but also in the chemical and physical potential inherent in the basic structure of polycarbonate. The following review demonstrates with examples how this potential can be used in the development of new polycarbonates through the incorporation of alternative monomers, changes in the linear structure, end group variation, addition of special additives, and blending. The main emphasis of this articles lies in the development of polycarbonates resistant to high temperature, with a good balance of technologically valuable properties. For scientific and practical interests a new criterion is offered for polycarbonates having both high-temperature stability and impact strength.“One must not only make a discovery, but also realize that a discovery has been made.”Hermann Schnell [1]
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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