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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a “Mutual Understanding of Objectives”? Attitudes of institutional investors and listed companies to corporate governance reform (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Corporate governance 9 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Combined Code looked to companies and institutional investors “to enter into a dialogue ... based on a mutual understanding of objectives.” This paper summarises findings from a survey looking into attitudes of each of these groups towards governance reform. It finds significant differences of opinion between them. The paper notes that there are few differences of opinion amongst the various different sized investors, suggesting that size, of itself, is not an important determinant of investor opinion. Larger companies are found to be more sympathetic towards the reforms of the past decade, whilst smaller companies appear to place less emphasis on governance structure as a determinant of success and seem to have less favourable experience of institutional investors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00247
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANT VIRUS GENE VECTORS FOR TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN PROTEINS IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 299-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of plant virus gene vectors for expression of foreign genes in plants provides attractive biotechnological tools to complement conventional breeding and transgenic methodology. The benefits of virus-based transient RNA and DNA replicons versus transgenic gene expression include rapid and convenient engineering coupled with flexibility for expeditious application in various plant species. These characteristics are especially advantageous when very high levels of gene expression are desired within a short time, although instability of the foreign gene in the viral genome can present some problems. The strategies that have been tested for foreign gene expression in various virus-based vectors include gene replacement, gene insertion, epitope presentation, use of virus controlled gene expression cassettes, and complementation. Recent reports of the utililization of virus vectors for foreign gene expression in fundamental research and biotechnology applications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.299
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOLOGY OF PLANT RHABDOVIRUSES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 43 (2005), S. 623-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The Rhabdoviridae, whose members collectively infect invertebrates, animals, and plants, form a large family that has important consequences for human health, agriculture, and wildlife ecology. Plant rhabdoviruses can be separated into the genera Cytorhabdovirus and Nucleorhabdovirus, based on their sites of replication and morphogenesis. This review presents a general overview of classical and contemporary findings about rhabdovirus ecology, pathology, vector relations, and taxonomy. The genome organization and structure of several recently sequenced nucleorhabdoviruses and cytorhabdoviruses is integrated with new cell biology findings to provide a model for the replication of the two genera. A prospectus outlines the exciting opportunities for future research that will contribute to a more detailed understanding of the biology, biochemistry, replication and host interactions of the plant rhabdoviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.011205.141136
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping the fluid flow and shear near the core surface using the radial and horizontal components of the magnetic field (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 105 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We examine the problem of determining the fluid flow and the shear (the radial derivative of the flow) at the core surface given a model of the temporal variation of the magnetic field. Whereas most previous work has focused on determining only the flow, which requires only the use of the radial component of the magnetic field, here, in addition, we determine the shear for which we must use the horizontal component of the magnetic field. Estimates of the jump in the value of the horizontal magnetic field Bh across the boundary layer between the top of the free stream and the base of the mantle are small, and suggest that to a high level of accuracy the mantle values of Bh can be used at the top of the core. Except in the special case of an insulating mantle, only the horizontal poloidal field is known at the core-mantle boundary and supplies one extra equation for the determination of velocity and shear. We show how the matrix elements relating the coefficients of the spectral expansion of the flow and shear are related to the geomagnetic secular variation coefficients in closed form. We examine the uniqueness of the resulting inverse problem, and show that one part of the non-uniqueness from which the shear suffers is particularly easy to describe: it takes the same form as that which affects the flow, namely a toroidal ambiguity in the field u′Br. However, certain uniqueness theorems can be derived: we extend the steady motions theorem of Voorhies & Backus (1985) and the geostrophic motions theorem of Hills (1979) and Backus & LeMouël (1986) to the determination of the flow and shear, and derive closely analogous results. Uniqueness in the steady case depends on the value of the same discriminant as the velocity, and in the geostrophic case the shear can be determined uniquely in the same areas as can the velocity (i.e. outside certain ambiguous patches). For the geostrophic regime, the lateral density (or temperature) variations at the top of the core can be found in a self-consistent manner. We apply our method to the temporal evolution of the field over the period 1960–1980, and produce solutions for each of the assumptions of unconstrained steady motions, geostrophic motions, and purely toroidal motions. We find that the form of the flow changes very little from solutions based only on the radial induction equation, and that the shear is weak and aligned with the flow, with a sense such that the strength of the flow decreases with depth with a length-scale for linear decay of half the core radius. This suggests that the flow near the core surface is indicative of whole core flow, rather than a flow confined to a layer near the core surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03456.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accounting for crustal magnetization in models of the core magnetic field (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 103 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Remanent and induced magnetization occurs in crustal materials when they are below their Curie temperature, and we consider the problem of determining the magnetic field originating in the earth's core in the presence of such magnetization. Simple physical models of induced magnetization which have been proposed and which lead to deterministic effects account for only a small proportion of the high-degree internal field found using Magsat data, and thus a stochastic description appears more useful. We investigate the effect of remanent magnetization in the crust on satellite measurements of the core magnetic field by posing the question: if the crustal magnetization is correlated only on the shortest possible length-scale, and different components are uncorrelated everywhere, what is the correlation lengthscale at a radius above the earth's surface? Using an idea due to Parker (1988), we model the crust as a zero-mean, stationary, Gaussian random process. We show that the matrix of second-order statistics is proportional to the Gram matrix, which depends only on the inner-products of the appropriate Green's functions, and that at a typical satellite altitude of 400 km the data are correlated out to an angular separation of approximately 15°. Accurate and efficient means of calculating the matrix elements are given. This theory leads to a more conservative form for the correlation in the data than that previously given by Langel, Estes & Sabaka (1989), whilst not being incommensurate with the imprecisely known high-degree power spectrum. Previous studies examining the core field have treated satellite data as independent, and have given different orthogonal components equal weight. Both these assumptions are incorrect, and we show that the variance of measurements of the radial component of magnetic field due to the crust is expected to be approximately twice that in horizontal components. However, the size of the crustal effect is small compared to the random noise in the data, and may not lead to radically different results from those already published.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb05678.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invariants in toroidal and tangentially geostrophic frozen-flux velocity fields (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 125 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We derive two new types of invariant that must be obeyed by the radial magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary if the hypothesis of frozen flux is valid and the fluid motion is either toroidal or tangentially geostrophic there. These general invariants incorporate specific invariants that are already known and can, in principle, be tested using magnetic data that cover an interval of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06035.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical Treatment of Crustal Magnetization (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 119 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We present a general statistical theory for relating magnetic fields to the magnetization of their source region, when the geometry of the source is spherical and the magnetization is a realization of a stationary, isotropic random process. For the case of Gaussian statistics, considered here, the second-order statistics are sufficient to determine the process uniquely. Observed high-degree coefficients from a spherical-harmonic expansion of the field appear to be consistent with this model. We find simple models of crustal magnetization that are compatible with observational constraints, namely the values of the magnetic power spectra believed to be derived from the crust, and the total crustal power. Any statistical model of the crust can be used to ‘pre-whiten’ observations prior to modelling the core field in a way described previously by Jackson.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb04030.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutation in the gene encoding ferritin light polypeptide causes dominant adult-onset basal ganglia disease (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 28 (2001), S. 350-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We describe here a previously unknown, dominantly inherited, late-onset basal ganglia disease, variably presenting with extrapyramidal features similar to those of Huntington's disease (HD) or parkinsonism. We mapped the disorder, by linkage analysis, to 19q13.3, which contains the gene for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng571
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations in the gene encoding the 3′-5′ DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome at the AGS1 locus (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 38 (2006), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) presents as a severe neurological brain disease and is a genetic mimic of the sequelae of transplacentally acquired viral infection. Evidence exists for a perturbation of innate immunity as a primary pathogenic event in the disease phenotype. Here, we show ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1845
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measures for measures (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1003-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although quantifying the quality of individual scientists is difficult, the general view is that it is better to publish more than less and that the citation count of a paper (relative to citation habits in its field) is a useful measure of its quality. How citation counts are weighed and analysed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4441003a
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