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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 2127-2137 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new method of polymerization of the N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) of glutamic acid is presented by which poly(glutamic acid) is obtained directly from the NCA without protecting its carboxyl group. The principle underlying is that by adjusting the mole ratio of the initiator butylamine, [I], to the monomer, [A], butylamine can be used as protecting agent for the carboxyl group of the NCA so that the rest of butylamine acts as initiator in the heterogeneous polymerization in acetonitrile. Quantitative conversion was obtained for an [A]/[I] ratio of 1. In analogy to other heterogeneous polymerizations of NCAs in acetonitrile, this is due to the formation of the helix during polymerization, which was confirmed by IR absorption and X-ray diffraction measurements. As the [A]/[I] ratio increases, the conversion, the helix content of the resultant polymer, and the amount of butylamine combined with it decrease drastically. It is suggested that “copolymerization” of the amine-protected and unprotected NCAs occurs, giving rise to a partially helical chain, whose contents of the amine-protected side chains and accordingly of the helix are the higher the smaller the [A]/[I] ratio.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zum Zweck der Prüfung eines früher vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus der Bildung von gestrecktkettigen Kristallen im Verlauf der heterogenen Polymerisation des LEUCHS schen Anhydrids von L-Alanin in Acetonitril wurden Oligo-L-Alanine hergestellt und deren Löslichkeit, Konformation und Kristallisationsverhalten in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht.Es zeigte sich, daß die in Acetonitril wachsenden Ketten in Form der β-Modifikation auskristallisieren, sobald sie einen Polymerisationsgrad von 3 erreicht haben. Infolge der antiparallelen Anordnung der Ketten in der β-Modifikation scheint ein weiteres Wachstum der gebildeten Keime nicht möglich, so daß auf der „Hauptkette“ mit-Modifikation die Ketten zunächst im amorphen Zustand weiterwachsen. Sobald die wachsenden Ketten jedoch einen Polymerisationsgrad von 10-13 erreicht haben, beginnen sie in Form der α-Helix zu kristallisieren. Infolge des topochemischen Charakters der Reaktion ist diese kritische Kettenlänge, die zur Ausbildung der α-Helix nötig ist, geringer als für die entsprechenden bereits synthetisierten Oligomeren in Lösung.Die im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation gebildeten Keime mit β-Modifikation bleiben im weiteren Verlauf der Polymerisation erhalten.Der Polymerisationsverlauf in den Lösungsmitteln Dioxan und Propionitril wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß der besonders günstige Verlauf der Reaktion in Acetonitril durch eine Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkung zwischen Lösungsmittel und Polypeptid bedingt sein könnte.
    Notes: In order to establish the mechanism proposed previously for the formation of the extended chain crystals during the heterogeneous polymerization of the LEUCHS anhydride 4-methyl-2,5-oxazolidinedione (L-alanine NCA) in acetonitrile, oligo-L-alanines were prepared by purely organic chemical methods. Their solubility, conformations in various solvents and those in the crystallized states were studied and compared with those in the crystals formed directly in the course of the heterogeneous polymerization. It was found that the growing chain molecules became insoluble in acetonitrile and crystallized into the β-conformation when they attained a \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\rm{DP}} $\end{document} of 3.As the growing chains in the course of the heterogeneous polymerization attained \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\overline {\rm{DP}}$\end{document} of 10-13 (i.e. 7-10 from the basal plane of the original skeleton crystals) by further polymerization, they crystallized into the α-helical conformation. Due to the topochemical nature of the chain growth, this critical length for the formation of the α-helix is shorter than that found in solution for the corresponding oligomers already synthesized (i.e., \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\overline {\rm{DP}}$\end{document} 〉 10).It was also shown that the crystalline nuclei with the β-conformation, formed in the very early stages of the polymerization, remain throughout the polymerization.In order to examine the rôle of acetonitrile in this particular type of polymerization, the polymerization of L-alanine NCA was studied also in dioxane and propionitrile. The chains grown from the basal plane of the skeleton crystals with the β-conformation remain in some state like random coils until they attain the critical length for the formation of the α-helix. This critical length seems to depend on the solvation power (including the steric factor) of the solvent used. In the case of acetonitrile, the dipole-dipole interaction with polypeptides may play an important rǒle in this type of solvation.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 2481-2489 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die heterogene Polymerisation des Leuchs′schen Anhydrids von Glycin (2,5-Dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) wurde in Acetonitril unter Verwendung verschiedener primärer Diamine als Initiatoren wie Äthylendiamin (ED), Hexamethylendiamin (HM) und Bis(4-aminophenyl)äther (AP) durchgeführt und mit der bereits berichteten entsprechenden Polymerisation mit Butylamin verglichen. Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen zeigten, daß die ausgefallenen Polymere meist aus Sphärolithen bestanden. Die Konformation des Polyglycins wie es mit allen Initiatoren erhalten wurde, war in der Form des Polyglycins I. Die scheinbare Kristallinität der erhaltenen Polymere war für den Fall der AP-initiierten Polymerisation niedrig, verglichen mit den durch ED oder HM initiierten Polymerisationen. Es wurde ein Mechanismus für das Wachstum der im Verlauf der Polymerisation entstandenen Polyglycin-Kristalle vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: The heterogeneous polymerization of glycine N-carboxy anhydride (2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) was carried out in acetonitrile using various kinds of primary diamines as initiators such as ethylene diamine (ED), hexamethylenediamine (HM) and bis(4-aminophenyl) ether (AP) comparing with butylamine previously reported. Electron microscopic observations revealed that most of the precipitates were spherulites. The conformation of polyglycine obtained from all the initiators used, was in the form of polyglycine I. The apparent crystallinity of the resultant polymer was low in the case of AP-as compared with ED-or HM-initiated polymerizations. A growth mechanism of polyglycine crystals formed in the course of polymerization has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 819-823 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1988), S. 1845-1854 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The 125 MHz 13C NMR spectra of some poly(dialkyl fumarates) (PDAF) and poly(dicycloalkyl fumarates) (PDCF) prepared by radical polymerization are measured in CDCl3 solution at 60°C. The multiplet resonances of the main-chain carbon atoms and the ester carbonyl carbon atoms are assigned to stereochemical triad and pentad sequences, respectively, using model compounds as well as computer simulation. From these results it is found that PDAF and PDCF exhibit essentially atactic structures with meso addition favoured over racemic addition, and that the ratio of meso to racemic content varies with different kinds of alkyl and cycloalkyl groups. The tactic sequence proportions of the polymers cannot be explained by one-parameter Bernoullian statistics, but can be successfully explained by modified Bernoullian trial.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The helicities of six kinds of L-alanine/β-alanine random copolypeptides having different L-alanine contents were determined using 1H NMR. Next, the theoretical helicities of these copolypeptides were calculated on the basis of a statistical thermodynamic analysis of the helixcoil transition of the random copolypeptide  -  using Monte Carlo methods  -  as a function of the L-alanine content. The statistical weight parameters used in the model were determined from a comparison of the observed and calculated results. The experimental and theoretical results are in agreement with the fact that Bombyx mori silk fibroin with 30,0 mol-% L-alanine content assumes exclusively a random-coil conformation and that Philosamia cynthia ricini silk fibroin with 48,8 mol-% L-alanine content locally assumes an α-helical conformation in the sequence of the L-alanine residues, both in aqueous solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ABA-type block copolymers composed of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) as the A component and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the B component were synthesized by polymerization of γ-benzyl L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride initiated by primary amines located at both ends of the PEO chain. The morphology examined by transmission electron microscopy using ruthenium tetroxide staining revealed a lamellar type of microphase separation of the copolymers. From circular dichroism measurements in ethylene dichloride solution, as well as from infrared spectra measurements in the solid state, it was found that the polypeptide block exists in the α-helical conformation, as in PBLG homopolymer. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns for the block copolymers depend on the casting solvent and show basically similar reflections as the PBLG homopolymer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 2491-2504 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Polymerisation des Leuchs'schen Anhydrids von L-Alanin (4-Methyl-2,S-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentan) in Acetonitril unter Verwendung von Hexamethylendiamin (HM), Äthylendiamin (ED) und Bis(4-aminophenyL)äther (AP) als Initiatoren durchgeführt, um die Wirkung der Diamine auf den Kristallisationsmechanismus während der Polymerisation im Vergleich zu der Wirkung des Butylamins, über die bereits berichtet wurde, zu untersuchen.Die hier erhaltenen Polymere wiesen breitere Molekulargewichtsverteilungen als die mit Butylamin erhaltenen auf, was auf eine Okklusion einiger aktiver wachsender Kettenenden im ausfallenden Polymer wahrend der Polymerisation hinweist. Die relative Breite der Molekulargewichtsverteilung der in späteren Phasen der Polymerisation gebildeten Polymere stieg beziiglich der Initiatoren in der folgenden Reihenfolge an: HM 〈 ED 〈 AP. Die Oligomer-Ketten, die sich am Anfang der Polymerisation bildeten, kristallisierten in der antiparallelen β-Struktur und danach wuchsen die α-Helix-Ketten, ausgehend von den aktiven Stellen der β-Ketten. Es ist jedoch wahrscheinlich, daß in den späteren Polymerisationsphasen die α-Helix Ketten ausgehend von einer der Aminogruppen eines Diamin-Moleküls wuchsen, daI3 aber die meisten der anderen Aminogruppen inaktiv waren, da die Enden der β-Ketten wegen deren antiparalleler Natur im ausgefallenen Polymer okkludiert waren. Die Morphologie der erhaltenen Polymerkristalle befand sich in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen, die aus den Staudingerindices (Molekulargewichten), Konformationen und Strukturen erhalten wurden.
    Notes: Polymerization of L-alanine N-carboxy anhydride (4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) was carried out in acetonitrile using hexamethylene diamine (HM), ethylene diamine (ED) and bis(4-aminophenyl) ether (AP) as initiators, in order to investigate the effect of diamines on the crystallization mechanism during polymerization in comparison with that for butylamine already reported.The resultant polymers obtained here had wider molecular weight distributions than those obtained with butylamine, indicating the occlusion of some active growing chain ends into the precipitate during polymerization. The relative width of the molecular weight distribution of the polymers formed in the later stages of the polymerization was larger in the following order as compared among the initiators: HM〈ED〈AP. The oligomer chains formed in the beginning of the polymerization crystallized into the antiparallel β-structure and thereafter the β-helical chains grew from the active sites of the β-chains. However, it is likely that, in the later stages of the polymerization, the α-helical chains grew from one of the amino groups of a diamine molecule but most of the other amino groups were inactive, since the ends of the β-chains were occluded into the precipitate due to the antiparallel nature of the β-chains precipitated. The morphologies of the resultant polymer crystals were in good agreement with the results obtained from the intrinsic viscosities (molecular weights), conformations, and structures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 2505-2517 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verschiedene Amine, wie Anilin (A), N,N-Diäthyl-1,3-propandiamin (DPD) und p-Amino-N,N-diäthylanilin (ADA) wurden als Initiatoren für die heterogene Polymerisation des Leuchs′schen Anhydrids von L-Alanin (L-Alanine NCA), (4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane) angewendet. Wenn ADA als Initiator verwendet wird, läft die Startreak-tion über eine normale Amin-Initiierung ab, wie bei primären Monoaminen. Andererseits findet die Startreaktion der durch DPD ausgelüsten Polymerisation sowohl an den primären wie an den tertiären Aminogruppen des Initiators statt. In allen Systemen verläuft das Wachstum durch nukleophilen Angriff der Aminogruppen der wachsenden Ketten auf das C(5)-Atom des L-Alanin NCA Ringes.Im Falle der Initiatoren A oder ADA hatten die erhaltenen Polymere breitere Molekulargewichtsverteilungen als jene aus der mit DPD gestarteten Polymerisation. Die unter Verwendung von DPD als Initiator erhaltenen Oligomere und Polymere lagen in Form von β- bzw. α-Konformationen vor. In der durch A oder ADA ausgelösten Polymerisation wurden jedoch Mischungen aus β-Struktur und α-Helix gebildet. Es wird angenommen, dalß die Zahl der im ausfallenden Polymer okkludierten wachsenden Kettenenden bezüglich des verwendeten Initiators in der folgenden Reihenfolge ansteigt : DPD 〈 A ≈ ADA. Die Morphologie der erhaltenen Polymerkristalle stand in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen aus der Analyse der IR Spektren und der Röntgenstrahlbeugung.
    Notes: Various amines such as aniline (A), N,N-diethyl-1,3-propanediamine (DPD), and pamino-N,N-diethylaniline (ADA), were used as initiators in the heterogeneous polymerization of L-alanine N-carboxy anhydride (L-alanine NCA), (4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-3-azacyclopentane). When ADA is used as initiator, the initiation reaction proceeds via normal amine initiation as for primary monoamines. On the other hand, in the polymerization initiated by DPD, the initiation reaction takes place from both the primary and tertiary amino groups of the initiator. In all systems, the propagation proceeds by nucleophilic attack of the amino groups of the growing chains on the C(5) of the L-alanine NCA ring.The resultant polymers obtained in the case of the initiators A or ADA had wider molecular weight distributions than those from DPD-initiated polymerization. Oligomers and polymers obtained using DPD as initiator were in the form of β-and α-conformations, respectively. However, mixtures of both β-structure and α-helix were formed in the polymerization initiated by A or ADA. It is suggested that the number of the growing chain ends occluded in the precipitate is increasing in the following order with respect to the initiator used: DPD〈A≈ADA. The morphologies of the resultant polymer crystals were in good agreement with the results from IR and X-ray analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 1861-1865 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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