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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 6 (1993), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Shipped donor livers ; Liver transplantation ; Graft function, liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Between September 1988 and November 1991, 201 donor hepatectomies and transplantations were performed. Fifty-four livers (26.9%) were harvested by other teams and shipped for transplantation; 147 livers (73.1%) were procured by teams from our transplant center. Comparing the maximal postoperative serum-aminotransferases (s-AT), we evaluated the postischemic damage of shipped organs (AST 951±931 IU/l; ALT 820±666 IU/l) and nonshipped organs (AST 753±1256 IU/l; ALT 636±896 IU/l); this did not differ significantly. Donor-related factors, such as critical parameters (i.e., cardiac arrest, arterial hypotension, age over 50 years, or elevated preoperative s-AT), length of stay in the intensive care unit before harvesting, and cause of death showed similar patterns in both groups. The mean cold ischemia time in the group of shipped livers (12 h 10 min±4 h 22 min) and in the nonshipped livers (10 h 6 min±3 h 53 min) did not differ significantly. Five cases (2.5%) of a primary nonfunctioning graft presenting with significantly (P〈0.001) elevated s-AT (AST 4944±2280 IU/l; ALT 3186±1918 IU/l) necessitated an early retransplantation. One organ was shipped and four organs were nonshipped, thus corresponding to their portion of all grafts. These data indicate that the transplantation of shipped livers is a safe procedure procedure, provided that procurement is done by experienced centers.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Mycophenolate ; mofetil ; Liver transplantation ; Immunosuppressive agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been used successfully as an immunosuppressive agent after kidney and heart transplantation, but experience with MMF after liver transplantation is still limited. Between August 1995 and January 1996, we treated 20 patients with MMF after orthotopic liver transplantation in an open, prospective study. Five out of eight patients with acute rejection and one patient with early chronic rejection showed a complete response after MMF was added to the immunosuppression. Three patients with chronic rejection did not improve, one died, and two have stable graft function at present. In eight patients who suffered from toxicity, a reduction in the dosage of tacrolimus was attempted with simultaneous MMF therapy. One patient died due to multiple organ failure. Liver function improved completely in one other patient, and partially in three patients after adding MMF. In the remaining three patients, a reduced dosage of tacrolimus or cyclosporin, together with MMF, reduced toxicity, not significantly. In conclusion, MMF appears to be a safe and potentially useful adjuvant immunosuppressive agent for rescue and maintenance therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Hilar cholangiocarcinoma ; Extended bile duct resection ; Liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although the surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma represents the only potentially curative option, survival figures remain low over the long term. After hilar and partial hepatic resections for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, locoregional tumor recurrence appears as the primary site of failure. From April 1992 to April 1996, 14 patients underwent extended bile duct resections. Extended bile duct resections combine total hepatectomy, partial pancreatoduodenectomy, and liver transplantation in an attempt to eradicate the entire biliary tract without dissecting the hepatoduodenal ligament. The postoperative 60-day mortality rate was 14% (n = 2).The rate of curative resections was 93% (13 of 14 extended bile duct resections). One- and 4-year survival rates after curative resections were 56% and 30%, respectively. The rate of curative resections increased by combining total hepatectomy, partial pancreatoduodenectomy, and liver transplantation, i. e., extended bile duct resection. However, survival figures have not improved accordingly. Therefore, this extended surgical procedure has to be implemented with caution and possibly not without modifications (e. g., multimodal treatment).
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Lebertransplantation-Infektion-Pilze ; Aspergillus ; Candida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A retrospective analysis of 462 consecutive orthotopic liver transplantations was undertaken to evaluate incidence, risk factors, clinical course, and outcome of fungal infections. Infections involving Aspergillus (6 cases), Candida (5 cases), Mucor (1 case), and Cryptococcus (1 case) were observed in 2.8% (13/462) of our patients. Twelve of the 13 episodes developed during the first 2 postoperative months. None of the potential risk factors for fungal infections described by other authors (i.e., age, rejection treatment, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, graft failure, long operation time, second transplant, serious nonfungal infection) correlated significantly with the episodes in our patients. However, in patients who exhibited three or more of these potential risk factors the incidence of fungal infections was elevated (P〈0.001). Six of seven exogenous infections (Aspergillus, Mucor) began before July 1991 when our department moved from Charlottenburg to Wedding, thus indicating that the incidence of these infections is highly influenced by exposure (P=0.01). Exposure prophylaxis should therefore by meticulously followed, particularly when severely compromised patients are involved, in order to prevent exogenous infections (i.e., Aspergillus/Mucor). Infections involving such patients are combined with a very high mortality (57%). We observed Candida infection as a pathological overgrowth of physiological oropharynx flora into the esophagus and/or trachea in five patients. In each case treatment led to full recovery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um Inzidenz, Risikofaktoren, klinischen Verlauf und Prognose von Pilzinfektionen nach Lebertransplantation zu klären, wurden die Verläufe von 462 Patienten retrospektiv untersucht, die zwischen Oktober 1988 und Februar 1994 konsekutiv transplantiert wurden. Bei 13 unserer Patienten (2,8%) beobachteten wir Infektionen mit Aspergillus (6mal), Candida (5mal), Mucor (1mal) und Cryptococcus (1mal) Dabei trat die Infektion bei 12 der 13 Patienten bereits während der ersten 2 postoperativen Monate auf. Von den von anderen Autoren beschriebenen potentiellen Risikofaktoren (Alter, Abstoßungsbehandlung, Dialyse, maschinelle Beatmung, Graftversagen, lange Operationszeit, Retransplantation, schwere Allgemeininfektion) korrelierte bei unseren Patienten keine einzige mit den Infektionen. Allerdings war die Inzidenz der Pilzinfektionen bei Patienten, die 3 oder mehr dieser Risikofaktoren zeigten, signifikant erhöht (p〈0,001). Ferner traten 6 von 7 exogenen Infektionen (Aspergillus, Mucor) vor dem Umzug unserer Transplantationsstation aus dem 1. Stock eines alten, efeubewachsenen Ziegelbaus in den 7. Stock eines Neubaus im Juli 1991 auf (p=0,01). Dies zeigt, daß die Exposition die Inzidenz von Pilzinfektionen nach Lebertransplantation wesentlich beeinflußt. Daraus folgt, daß insbesondere schwer kompromittierte Patienten einer strengen Expositionsprophylaxe unterzogen wurden müssen, um Infektionen mit Aspelgillus/Mucor zu vermeiden, die bei unseren Patienten eine Letalität von 57% aufwiesen. Bei 5 Patienten beobachteten wir Candidainfektionen als pathologisches Überwuchern der oralen Standortflora in Trachea und/oder Speiseröhre, die unter Therapie ausnahmslos ausheilten.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hepatische Isch⇐ie ; Organfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Folgen einer hepatischen Ischämie können durch eine Vielzahl funktioneller und morphologischer Methoden analysiert werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden mittels eines Organmonitoringsystems die pH-Werte und K+-Aktivitäten mit ionenselektiven Elektroden an der Leberoberfläche gemessen. In 4 Versuchsgruppen wurden Ratten (n=6) einer kompletten, selektiv arteriellen und portalen warmen Ischämie für 15 min durch Klemmung des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale, der A. hepatica propria oder der Pfortader ausgesetzt und anschlieβend reperfundiert. Eine Gruppe diente als Kontrolle. Eine komplette oder portale Ischämie war durch einen sofortigen pH-Abfall und einen verzögerten Anstieg der K+-Aktivität gekennzeichnet. Eine arterielle Ischämie hatte im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe kaum einen Effekt. Nach Reperfusion kehrten beide Meβparameter zu Ausgangswerten zurück. Das Organmonitoringsystem erlaubt eine nichtinvasive Messung ionaler Veränderungen während Organentnahmen, Ischämie und Reperfusion und könnte ein zusätzliches Kriterium zur Beurteilung der Organviabilität dastellen.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hepatic ischemia can be analyzed with a wide variety of functional and morphological methods. In this study we used a new organ monitoring device that accurately determines pH and K+ activities on the liver surface with ion-selective electrodes. Four groups of rats (n=6 each) were subjected to complete, arterial or portal warm ischemia for 15 min (achieved by clamping of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the hepatic artery or the portal vein) and subsequent reperfusion. One group was sham-operated. Complete and portal ischemia were characterized by an immediate decline of pH and a more retarded rise of K+ activity on the liver surface. Arterial ischemia had almost no effect on these two parameters when compared with the sham group. Upon reperfusion the shifts of pH and K+ activity reversed towards initial baseline values. The organ monitoring system offers the option to assess ional shifts non-invasively during organ procurement, ischemia and reperfusion and may be used as an additional criterion for the estimation of organ viability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Lebertransplantation ; Infektion ; Mykobakterium ; Tuberkulose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 5 von 462 Patienten (1,2%) trat nach Lebertransplantation Tuberkulose auf. In einem Fall wurde Reinfektion, in 4 Fällen Neuinfektion angenommen. Die klinischen Verläufe waren sehr unterschiedlich: von asymptomatischer offener Lungentuberkulose bis zu disseminierter Erkrankung mit zerebralem Tuberkulom und Konvulsionen. Nach antituberkulöser Tripelmedikamententherapie überlebten 4 Patienten. Es wurde bisher über nur sehr wenige Tuberkulosefälle nach Lebertransplantation berichtet: in der Medizinliteratur über 4 Fälle and in der hier vorgelegten Untersuchung über 5. Dennoch ist anzunehmen, daß Häufigkeit, Verlauf and Ausgang einer Tuberkuloseinfektion nach Lebertransplantationen ähnlich sind wie nach Nierentransplantationen, bei denen etwa 150 Fälle erfaßt wurden.
    Notes: Abstract Tuberculosis occurred in 5 (1.2%) of 462 liver transplant recipients. De novo infection was assumed in 4 patients and a recurrent infection in 1. The clinical courses varied, from asymptomatic open lung tuberculosis to disseminated disease with cerebral tuberculoma and convulsions. Four patients survived with anti-tuberculous triple-drug therapy. Very few cases of tuberculosis after liver transplantation have been reported (4 patients in the medical literature and 5 patients in this paper). However, the incidence, course of infection, and outcome seem to be similar to those of tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients, approximately 150 cases of which are known.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 379 (1994), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Spenderkriterien ; Postischämieschaden ; Transplantatversagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The early outcome of 201 liver grafts transplanted consecutively between September 1988 and November 1991 was investigated retrospectively. Donors were categorized according to their hospitalization periods in an intensive care unit (ICU) prior to harvesting, their causes of death, and the variables generally believed to be critical in liver donation, such as arterial hypotension (n = 69; 34.3 %), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 20; 9.9%), elevated serum-aminotransferases (s-AT) (n = 11; 5.5%), or an age over 50 years (n = 16; 8.0 %). Ninety-one donors (45.3 %) spent less than 24 h in an ICU; 29 donors (14.4%) and 14 donors (7.0%) had hospitalization periods generally considered critical of 4–6 days and more than 6 days, respectively. The most common causes of death were subarachnoidal bleeding (n = 70; 34.8%), isolated head injuries (n = 68; 33.8%), and polytraumata (n = 33; 16.4%).The postischemic hepatocellular damage was evaluated comparing peak post-transplant s-AT, which did not differ significantly between groups; nor did donor and recipient ages or cold ischemia times. Fourteen grafts (7.0%) showed a reversible preservation injury presenting with post-transplant s-AT elevated above 2000 IU/I. Five cases (2.5%) of a primary non-functioning graft (PNF) underwent early retransplantation successfully. Serum-aminotransferases (AST: 4944 ± 2280 IU/I; ALT: 3186 ± 1918 IU/ I) were significantly (P 〈 0.01) elevated as compared to primary functioning grafts (AST: 699 ± 935 IU/I; ALT: 620 ± 701 IU/I). The donor structure of both groups reflected the distribution of variables in the entire collective. No significant overrepresentations were observed. These results indicate that in the past criteria for donor selection have probably been applied too stringently. To determine true limits the pool of liver donors should carefully be extended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach 201 Lebertransplantationen von September 1988 bis November 1991 wurde retrospektiv der Postischämieschaden bei Vorliegen verschiedener Spenderkriterien untersucht. Als Kriterien galten die Hospitalisierungszeit auf Intensivstation vor Organentnahme, die Todesursache Bowie allgemein als kritisch eingeschätzte Parameter wie hypotensive Kreislaufphasen (n = 69; 34,4%), kardiopulmonale Reanimation (n = 20; 9,9%), erhöhte Serumtransaminasen (s-AT) (n = 11; 5,5%) oder ein Alter über 50 Jahre (n = 16; 8,0%). 91 Organspender lagen weniger als 24 h auf einer Intensivstation, hingegen 29 Spender (14,4%) 4–6 Tage und 14 Spender (7,0%) länger als 6 Tage. Häufigste Todesursachen waren Subarachnoidalblutungen (n = 70; 34,8%), isolierte Schädel-Hirn-Traumen (n = 68; 33,8%) und Polytraumen (n = 33; 16,4%). Der Postischamieschaden wurde anhand der maximalen postoperativen s-AT sowie der Inzidenz eines primären Transplantatversagens (PNF) oder einer schweren, reversiblen Transplantatschädigung (s-AT 〉 2000 IU/I) abgeschätzt. Maximale s-AT, Alter der Organspender und -empfänger sowie kalte Ischämiezeiten unterschieden sich zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen nicht signifikant. Schwere reversible Schäden zeigten 14 Transplantatlebern (7,0%); eine PNF trat in 5 Fallen (2,5%) auf, die erfolgreich einer frühen Retransplantation unterzogen wurden. Spenderkriterien waren in beiden Gruppen mit ähnlicher Häufigkeit wie im Gesamtkollektiv vertreten. Maximale s-AT bei Transplantatversagen (GOT: 4944 ± 2280 IU/I; GPT: 3186 ± 19181U/I) lagen signifikant (p 〉 0,01) höher als bei primärer Transplantatfunktion (GOT: 699 ± 935 IU/I; GPT: 620 ± 701 IU/I). Diese Ergebnisse sind trotz eines hohen Anteils bislang als kritisch angesehener Spender Ausdruck einer vermutlich zu strengen Selektion. Eine vorsichtige Lockerung der Selektionskriterien erscheint daher gerechtfertigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 70 (1958), S. 269-269 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 19 (1984), S. 82-86 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron impact induced fragmentation reactions of planar, tetrahedral, octahedral and oligomeric metal dithiophosphinates Me(II)L2 (L=Et2PS2-; Me(II)=Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Co, Mn, Ni, Pd, Pt), Me(III)L3 (Me(III) = Sb, Bi, In, Rh, Ir) and (Me(I)I)n (Me(I)/n=Tl/1, Au/2, Cu/4) have been studied. Fragmentation patterns, which are in accordance with metastable peak determinations by linked scans, are reported. In the case of the transition metals the spectra of the complexes show abundant [M]+· predominantly metal containing ions and, the former being weak and the intensities of the latter being considerably reduced in the case of metal complexes with filled d shells. With planar or tetrahedral transition metal complexes no dependence of fragmentation on the coordination geometry can be observed. The dependence of fragmentation on d configuration, ionization energy of the metal and metal ligand π bonding is discussed. In the case of the oligomeric complexes strong metal-metal interaction is observed even under electron impact.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1422-1426 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Trinuclear molybdenum sulfur clusters with HgI2 ; dithiophosphinato Mo—S—Hg clusters, crystal structure, 31P NMR studies of trinuclear Mo—S—Hg clusters ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Peripheral Bonding of Mercury(II) Iodide to Trinuclear Molybdenum-Sulfur-Dithiophosphinato Clusters: [Mo3S4(R2PS2)4HgI2] (R = Et, Pr)Reaction of Mo3S4(R2PS2)4 1 (a: R = Et, b: R = Pr) with HgI2 in THF yields the diamagnetic title complexes [Mo3S4(R2PS2)4HgI2] 3. The crystal structure of [3a (H2O)] · 2 CH2Cl2 shows the complexes to consist of a triangular array of Mo atoms which are bridged by μ2—S atoms and capped by a μ3—S atom. Each of the Mo atoms is chelated by a dithiophosphinato ligand Et2PS2- and in addition two Mo atoms are bridged by a Et2PS2- ligand while the H2O molecule is bonded weakly to the third Mo atom. Thus, all Mo atoms reveal a distorted octahedral coordination sphere. HgI2 is „peripherally“ bonded to the cluster via two S atoms, one of which belongs to a chelating ligand and the other one to the bridging ligand. Space group P1, lattice constants a = 12.157(2), b = 15.284(3), c = 16.049(3) Å, α = 115.56(1), β = 107.35(1), and γ = 94.62(1)°; Z = 2, dcalc = 2.23 mg/mm3; 4 236 observed reflections, R = 0.068. In organic solvents complexes 3 are strong electrolytes. VT-31P NMR data suggest a stepwise dissociation of 3 with formation of [Mo3S4(R2PS2)3] +[(R2PS2)HgI2]- and elimination of the bridging ligand from the cluster.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Mo3S4(R2PS2)4 1 (a: R = Et, b: R = Pr) mit HgI2 in THF ergibt die diamagnetischen Komplexe [Mo3S4(R2PS2)4HgI2] 3. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse von [3a (H2O)] · 2 CH2Cl2 zeigt eine triangulare Anordnung der Mo-Atome, die durch μ2—S-Atome verbrückt und durch ein μ3—S-Atom überdacht sind. Jedes Mo-Atom ist durch einen Dithiophosphinatoliganden Et2PS2- chelatisiert, ein weiterer Et2PS2--Ligand verbrückt zwei Mo-Atome, während ein H2O nur schwach an das dritte Mo-Atom gebunden ist. Somit ist jedes Mo-Atom verzerrt oktaedrisch koordiniert. HgI2 ist „peripher“ an den Cluster über je ein S-Atom eines Chelatliganden und des Brückenliganden gebunden. Raumgruppe P1, Gitterkonstanten a = 12,157(2), b = 15,284(3), c = 16,049(3) Å, α = 115,56(1), β = 107,35(1) und γ = 94,62(1)°; Z = 2, dber = 2,23 mg/mm3; 4 236 beobachtete Reflexe, R = 0,068. In organischen Lösungsmitteln sind die Komplexe 3 starke Elektrolyte. Gemäß VT-31P-NMR-Messungen wird eine schrittweise Dissoziation von 3 vorgeschlagen, wobei sich unter Eliminierung des Brückenliganden aus dem Cluster [Mo3S4(R2PS2)3] +[(R2PS2)HgI2]- bildet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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