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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy – Iatrogenic biliary injury – Classification – Treatment. ; Schlüsselwörter: Laparoskopische Cholecystektomie – iatrogene Gallengangverletzung – Klassifikation – Therapie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die iatrogene Gallengangverletzung stellt eine schwerwiegende Komplikation der laparoskopischen Cholecystektomie dar. Sie umfaßt periphere Galleleckagen und Verletzungen des extrahepatischen Gallengangsystems. Ihre Incidenz ist im Vergleich zur konventionellen Cholecystektomie um das 2–3 fache erhöht. In unserem Zentrum wurden 108 Patienten wegen einer iatrogenen Gallengangläsion nach laparoskopischer Cholecystektomie behandelt. Während 68 Patienten erfolgreich endoskopisch therapiert werden konnten, war bei 34 Patienten eine chirurgische Intervention erforderlich. Bei 6 Patienten mit einem peripheren Galleleck war die alleinige percutane äußere Drainage ausreichend. Für die Gallengangverletzungen wird unter Berücksichtigung der Ätiologie, der Lokalisation und des diagnostischen Intervalls eine neue Klassifikation vorgeschlagen, aus der sich diagnostische und therapeutische Konsequenzen ableiten lassen.
    Notes: Abstract. Iatrogenic bile duct lesions are serious complications during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and include biliary leakage and major bile duct injury. The incidence of biliary lesions following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is up to threefold higher than that of the open procedure. A total of 108 patients with bile duct lesions after laparoscopic cholecystectomy were treated at our institution. Endoscopic treatment was successful in 68 cases, 6 patients were treated by external drainage, and 34 patients required surgical therapy. Selection criteria for the type of treatment included the etiology, anatomical situation, and diagnostic interval of the biliary lesion. We suggest a classification of bile duct injury and a proposal for diagnosis and treatment of these complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Liver transplantation, Budd-Chiari syndrome ; Hemoglobinuria, liver transplantation ; Budd-Chiari syndrome, liver transplantation ; PNH, Budd-Chiari syndrome, liver transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 54-year-old male patient with end-stage liver failure from Budd-Chiari syndrome due to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) underwent liver transplantation (OLT) in 1989. Retransplantation became necessary 1 year later when thrombotic occlusion of the portal vein and common hepatic artery led to graft loss after withdrawal of anticoagulation therapy because of several gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. The patient is now alive 3 years after the first OLT. To the best of our knowledge and according to the literature, this is, to date, the longest that any PNH patient has survived after liver transplantation. Although the course of this patient was complicated in a way similar to that reported for other cases in the literature, patients with PNH should not, in principle, be excluded from liver transplantation. Lifelong anticoagulation with coumarin and the use of steroids together with cyclosporin reduce the risk of recurrent thrombosis and PNH crises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Hepatitis B reinfection ; Portal vein thrombosis ; Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator lysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an infrequent complication following hepatic transplantation. However, deterioration of liver function and accompanying complications may be life threatening. Several attempts of surgical or percutaneous transhepatic procedures have been described. In some cases high dose fibrinolytic regimens have been successful. We describe the case of a male liver recipient with recurrent liver fibrosis due to hepatitis B reinfection and late portal vein thrombosis 45 months after transplantation. Complete recanalization was achieved using systemic low dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Mycophenolate ; mofetil ; Liver transplantation ; Immunosuppressive agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been used successfully as an immunosuppressive agent after kidney and heart transplantation, but experience with MMF after liver transplantation is still limited. Between August 1995 and January 1996, we treated 20 patients with MMF after orthotopic liver transplantation in an open, prospective study. Five out of eight patients with acute rejection and one patient with early chronic rejection showed a complete response after MMF was added to the immunosuppression. Three patients with chronic rejection did not improve, one died, and two have stable graft function at present. In eight patients who suffered from toxicity, a reduction in the dosage of tacrolimus was attempted with simultaneous MMF therapy. One patient died due to multiple organ failure. Liver function improved completely in one other patient, and partially in three patients after adding MMF. In the remaining three patients, a reduced dosage of tacrolimus or cyclosporin, together with MMF, reduced toxicity, not significantly. In conclusion, MMF appears to be a safe and potentially useful adjuvant immunosuppressive agent for rescue and maintenance therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Lebertransplantation-Infektion-Pilze ; Aspergillus ; Candida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A retrospective analysis of 462 consecutive orthotopic liver transplantations was undertaken to evaluate incidence, risk factors, clinical course, and outcome of fungal infections. Infections involving Aspergillus (6 cases), Candida (5 cases), Mucor (1 case), and Cryptococcus (1 case) were observed in 2.8% (13/462) of our patients. Twelve of the 13 episodes developed during the first 2 postoperative months. None of the potential risk factors for fungal infections described by other authors (i.e., age, rejection treatment, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, graft failure, long operation time, second transplant, serious nonfungal infection) correlated significantly with the episodes in our patients. However, in patients who exhibited three or more of these potential risk factors the incidence of fungal infections was elevated (P〈0.001). Six of seven exogenous infections (Aspergillus, Mucor) began before July 1991 when our department moved from Charlottenburg to Wedding, thus indicating that the incidence of these infections is highly influenced by exposure (P=0.01). Exposure prophylaxis should therefore by meticulously followed, particularly when severely compromised patients are involved, in order to prevent exogenous infections (i.e., Aspergillus/Mucor). Infections involving such patients are combined with a very high mortality (57%). We observed Candida infection as a pathological overgrowth of physiological oropharynx flora into the esophagus and/or trachea in five patients. In each case treatment led to full recovery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um Inzidenz, Risikofaktoren, klinischen Verlauf und Prognose von Pilzinfektionen nach Lebertransplantation zu klären, wurden die Verläufe von 462 Patienten retrospektiv untersucht, die zwischen Oktober 1988 und Februar 1994 konsekutiv transplantiert wurden. Bei 13 unserer Patienten (2,8%) beobachteten wir Infektionen mit Aspergillus (6mal), Candida (5mal), Mucor (1mal) und Cryptococcus (1mal) Dabei trat die Infektion bei 12 der 13 Patienten bereits während der ersten 2 postoperativen Monate auf. Von den von anderen Autoren beschriebenen potentiellen Risikofaktoren (Alter, Abstoßungsbehandlung, Dialyse, maschinelle Beatmung, Graftversagen, lange Operationszeit, Retransplantation, schwere Allgemeininfektion) korrelierte bei unseren Patienten keine einzige mit den Infektionen. Allerdings war die Inzidenz der Pilzinfektionen bei Patienten, die 3 oder mehr dieser Risikofaktoren zeigten, signifikant erhöht (p〈0,001). Ferner traten 6 von 7 exogenen Infektionen (Aspergillus, Mucor) vor dem Umzug unserer Transplantationsstation aus dem 1. Stock eines alten, efeubewachsenen Ziegelbaus in den 7. Stock eines Neubaus im Juli 1991 auf (p=0,01). Dies zeigt, daß die Exposition die Inzidenz von Pilzinfektionen nach Lebertransplantation wesentlich beeinflußt. Daraus folgt, daß insbesondere schwer kompromittierte Patienten einer strengen Expositionsprophylaxe unterzogen wurden müssen, um Infektionen mit Aspelgillus/Mucor zu vermeiden, die bei unseren Patienten eine Letalität von 57% aufwiesen. Bei 5 Patienten beobachteten wir Candidainfektionen als pathologisches Überwuchern der oralen Standortflora in Trachea und/oder Speiseröhre, die unter Therapie ausnahmslos ausheilten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hepatische Isch⇐ie ; Organfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Folgen einer hepatischen Ischämie können durch eine Vielzahl funktioneller und morphologischer Methoden analysiert werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden mittels eines Organmonitoringsystems die pH-Werte und K+-Aktivitäten mit ionenselektiven Elektroden an der Leberoberfläche gemessen. In 4 Versuchsgruppen wurden Ratten (n=6) einer kompletten, selektiv arteriellen und portalen warmen Ischämie für 15 min durch Klemmung des Ligamentum hepatoduodenale, der A. hepatica propria oder der Pfortader ausgesetzt und anschlieβend reperfundiert. Eine Gruppe diente als Kontrolle. Eine komplette oder portale Ischämie war durch einen sofortigen pH-Abfall und einen verzögerten Anstieg der K+-Aktivität gekennzeichnet. Eine arterielle Ischämie hatte im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe kaum einen Effekt. Nach Reperfusion kehrten beide Meβparameter zu Ausgangswerten zurück. Das Organmonitoringsystem erlaubt eine nichtinvasive Messung ionaler Veränderungen während Organentnahmen, Ischämie und Reperfusion und könnte ein zusätzliches Kriterium zur Beurteilung der Organviabilität dastellen.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hepatic ischemia can be analyzed with a wide variety of functional and morphological methods. In this study we used a new organ monitoring device that accurately determines pH and K+ activities on the liver surface with ion-selective electrodes. Four groups of rats (n=6 each) were subjected to complete, arterial or portal warm ischemia for 15 min (achieved by clamping of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the hepatic artery or the portal vein) and subsequent reperfusion. One group was sham-operated. Complete and portal ischemia were characterized by an immediate decline of pH and a more retarded rise of K+ activity on the liver surface. Arterial ischemia had almost no effect on these two parameters when compared with the sham group. Upon reperfusion the shifts of pH and K+ activity reversed towards initial baseline values. The organ monitoring system offers the option to assess ional shifts non-invasively during organ procurement, ischemia and reperfusion and may be used as an additional criterion for the estimation of organ viability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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