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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shifts in the optimal temperature for nocturnal CO2 uptake caused by changes in growth temperature for cacti and agaves (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 53 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When the day/night air temperatures were raised from 10°C/10°C to 30°C/30°C, the optimal tempearture for nocturnal CO2 uptake by six species of cacti and three species of agave shifted from an average of 12°C to an average of 20°C. The maximum rate of CO2 uptake was higher for Agave americana at the higher ambient temperature, lower for A. deserti, and much lower for A. utahensis, consistent with the relative mean temperatures of their native habitats. For the cactus Coryphantha vivipara, which had the greatest temperature shift observed (13°C), the halftime was 8 days for the upward shift and 4 days for the downward shift. The halftimes for the comparable shifts averaged 1.6 days for three other species of cacti and less than 1 day for two agave species. The shifts in the optimal temperature for nocturnal CO2 uptake were in response to changes in nighttime temperature, at least for C. vivipara, and reflected temperature responses of both the stomates and the chlorenchyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb02744.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of leaf thickness for Plectranthus parviflorus – Influence of photosynthetically active radiation (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 51 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Photosynthetically active radiation (PhAR) is apparently the environmental factor having the greatest influence on leaf thickness for Plectranthus parviflorus Henckel (Labiatae). A four-fold increase in leaf thickness from 280 to 1170 μm occurred as the PhAR was raised from 1.3 to 32.5 mol m−2 day−1. Compared to a constant PhAR of 2.5 mol m−2 day−1, a PhAR of 32.5 mol m−2 day−1 for one week during the first week (with return to 2.5 mol m−2 day−1 during the second and third weeks) led to an increase in final leaf thickness by 323 μm (to 802 μm). When increased PhAR was applied during the second week the increase in final thickness over the control was 217 μm, and when increased PhAR was applied during the third week it was 99 μm. However, leaf thickness was not simply responding to total daily PhAR, since a leaf 450 μm thick could occur at a low instantaneous PhAR for a long daytime (total daily PhAR of 1.5 mol m−2 day−1) and at a high PhAR for a short daytime (4.5 mol m−2 day−1). Total daily CO2 uptake (net photosynthesis) was approximately the same in the two cases, suggesting that this is an important factor underlying the differences in leaf thickness. Leaf thickness is physiologically important, since thicker leaves tend to have greater mesophyll surface area per unit leaf area (Ames/A) and hence higher photosynthetic rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb02692.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal Leaf Area and Cellular CO2 Resistance: Photosynthetic Implications of Variations with Growth Conditions and Plant Species (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 40 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The influences of illumination, temperature, and soil water potential during development on leaf thickness, mesophyll cell wall area per unit leaf area (Ames/A), and the cellular CO2, resistance expressed on a mesophyll cell wall area basis (rCO2cell,) were examined for Plectranthus parviflorus Henckel. Although the ranges of all three growth conditions caused at least 9-fold variations in the leaf biomass produced in 4 weeks, only the illumination had a major effect on internal leaf morphology, e.g. the thickness went from 279 to 831 μm and Ames/A from 10.5 to 34.8 as the photosynthetically active radiation was raised from 3 to 53 nEinsteins cm−2 s−1, while rCO2cell remained close to 154 s cm−1. Variations in the growth temperature, soil water potential, and the nutritional status of the plant, affected photosynthesis mainly by changes in rCO2cell.To compare the influence of internal leaf area on photosynthesis for other plants, especially those with low Ames/A values, the maximum rates of CO2 uptake at light saturation and photosynthetically optimal temperatures were also determined for a moss, Mnium ciliare (C. Muell.) Schimp., and two ferns, Adiantum decorum Moore and Alsophila australe R. Br. As Ames/A went from 2.00 for the moss to 3.8, 7.5, 11.7, and 20.8 for the fens, the illumination at light saturation and the maximum rate of photosynthesis both progressively increased. The cellular CO2 resistance, which theoretically might have a lower limit of 20 s cm−1, ranged from 85 to 190 s cm−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1977.tb01510.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas exchange and metabolite fluctuations in green and yellow bands of variegated leaves of the monocotyledonous CAM species Agave americana (1998)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 103 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The variegated leaves of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species Agave americana have a large central longitudinal green band with narrow yellow bands on either side. The yellow bands had 97% less pigment content, 84% lower ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, but only 20% lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity than the green band. The green bands exhibited gas exchange typical of CAM plants, with most CO2 uptake occurring at night, leading to a daily net CO2 uptake of 127 mmol m−2 day−1. The yellow bands had some nighttime net CO2 uptake but a larger loss during the daytime, indicating that they were sink tissues. Nocturnal citrate and malate accumulations for the yellow bands were 65 and 75%, respectively, of those of the green bands; sucrose supported 64-83% of their nocturnal acid accumulation. This is the first evidence that agaves, which are malic-enzyme-type CAM plants, use sucrose as the carbon source for nocturnal acid accumulation. About 44% of the carbon demand of the yellow bands can be supplied by sucrose diffusing via the symplast from the adjacent green band, about 25% from fructose and glucose diffusion, and some via the apoplast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030112.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influences of soil volume and an elevated CO2 level on growth and CO2 exchange for the Crassulacean acid metabolism plant Opuntia ficus-indica (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Effects of the current (38 Pa) and an elevated (74 Pa) CO2 partial pressure on root and shoot areas, biomass accumulation and daily net CO2 exchange were determined for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, a highly productive Crassulacean acid metabolism species cultivated worldwide. Plants were grown in environmentally controlled rooms for 18 weeks in pots of three soil volumes (2 600, 6 500 and 26 000 cm3), the smallest of which was intended to restrict root growth. For plants in the medium-sized soil volume, basal cladodes tended to be thicker and areas of main and lateral roots tended to be greater as the CO2 level was doubled. Daughter cladodes tended to be initiated sooner at the current compared with the elevated CO2 level but total areas were similar by 10 weeks. At 10 weeks, daily net CO2 uptake for the three soil volumes averaged 24% higher for plants growing under elevated compared with current CO2 levels, but at 18 weeks only 3% enhancement in uptake occurred. Dry weight gain was enhanced 24% by elevated CO2 during the first 10 weeks but only 8% over 18 weeks. Increasing the soil volume 10-fold led to a greater stimulation of daily net CO2 uptake and biomass production than did doubling the CO2 level. At 18 weeks, root biomass doubled and shoot biomass nearly doubled as the soil volume was increased 10-fold; the effects of soil volume tended to be greater for elevated CO2. The amount of cladode nitrogen per unit dry weight decreased as the CO2 level was raised and increased as soil volume increased, the latter suggesting that the effects of soil volume could be due to nitrogen limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02208.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field productivity of a CAM plant, Agave salmiana, estimated using daily acidity changes under various environmental conditions (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 65 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nocturnal acidity increases of the Crassulaceae acid metabolism succulent Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm. ssp. crassispina (Trel.) Gentry were determined for various photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels in the field and various day/night temperatures and soil water potentials in the laboratory. When a particular factor was optimal for nocturnal acid accumulation, it was assigned an index value of unity. The product of the three indices was termed the environmental productivity index (EPI), which summarizes the effect of PAR, temperature, and water status on nocturnal acid accumulation. A monthly value for EPI was determined using microclimatic conditions at the field site near Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosf, Mexico. EPI was highly correlated with the number of leaves unfolding monthly from plants in the field (r2= 0.95), where monitoring of such leaf unfolding is a non-destructive technique for assessing plant productivity. By using the measured leaf area index for four groups of A. salmiana and a relationship between acid accumulation and net CO2 up-take, the EPI acidity data were converted to dry weight gain per unit ground area. This measure of productivity closely agreed with the 1.05 kg m−2 year−1 determined by conventional harvesting techniques. The productivity is also in agreement with studies on other desert agaves, but about 10-fold higher than that generally considered for desert ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb08663.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Water Stress on the Temperature Optima of Net CO2 Exchange for Two Desert Species (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 44 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The temperature dependence of net CO2 exchange was determined at various soil water potentials for two sympatric desert species. Notholaena parryi D. C. Eat. (Pteridaceae) and Encelia farinosa Gray (Compositae). As water stress increased, the temperature optimum of apparent (net) photosynthesis shifted 7 to 10°C downward and the maximum rate decreased for both species. The downward shift in temperature optimum with water stress was the result of a greater fractional stomatal closure with increasing temperature and a lowering of the temperature where maximal CO2 residual conductance of the mesophyll cells occurred. This lowering of the temperature for maximal CO2 residual conductance appears to reflect (1) a greater effect of water stress on gross photosynthesis than on respiration plus photorespiration and (2) the higher temperature optimum for respiration plus photorespiration than for gross photosynthesis. The downward shift in the temperature optimum of apparent photosynthesis can have a significant effect on the predicted carbon balance of plants as the soil water potential decreases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1978.tb01621.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and CO2 uptake for cladodes and fruit of the Crassulacean acid metabolism species Opuntia ficus-indica during fruit development (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 91 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth and daily net CO2 uptake were measured for fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica and for its cladodes with 0. 5, 10 and 15 fruit and for cladodes after fruit removal. Growth of individual fruit decreased but fruit dry weight per cladode increased as the number of fruit per cladode increased. Removal of fruit decreased the total daily net CO2 uptake of the bearing cladode by about 10%. From 15 to 45 days after flowering, nocturnal CO2 uptake per unit area of the fruit averaged 19% of that of cladodes and then declined, as did the chlorophyll content and the activity of the CO2-fixing enzymes. Fruit growth for O. ficus-indica was supported by the bearing cladode as well as other cladodes, especially for cladodes with more than 5 fruit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb03009.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of soil O2 and CO2 on root respiration for Agave deserti (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 76 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Respiration measured as CO2 efflux was determined at various soil O2 and CO2 concentrations for individual, attached roots of a succulent perennial from the Sonoran Desert, Agave deserti Engelm. The respiration rate increased with increasing O2 concentration up to about 16% O2 for established roots and 5% O2 for rain roots (fine branch roots on established roots induced by wetting of the soil) and then remained fairly constant up to 21% O2. When O2 was decreased from 21 to 0%, the respiration rates were similar to those obtained with increasing O2 concentration. The CO2 concentration in the root zone, which for the shallow-rooted A. deserti in the field was about 1 000 μl l-1, did not affect root respiration at concentrations up to 2 000 μl l-1, but higher concentrations reduced it, respiration being abolished at 20 000 μl l-1 (2%) CO2 for both established and rain roots. Upon lowering CO2 to 1 000 μl l-1 after exposure to concentrations up to 10000 μl l-1 CO2, inhibition of respiration was reversible. Uptake of the vital stain neutral red by root cortical cells was reduced to zero, indicating cell death, in about 4 h at 2% CO2, substantiating the detrimental effects of high soil CO2 concentrations on roots of A. deserti. This CO2 response may explain why roots of desert succulents tend to occur in porous, well-aerated soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05630.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel patterns of CO2 exchange for epiphytic cacti differing in succulence (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 78 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Net CO: uptake over 24-h periods was examined for 6 species of epiphytic cacti. which as a group number about 120 species that vary considerably in stem succulence. Nocturnal CO, uptake as a percentage of the total daily CO, uptake increased from 0% for Rhipsalis houlletiana to 14% for Epipliyl/urn pittieri to 21% for E. oxypetnluin to 51% for R. rhornbea to 87% for Schlumbergera truncata to 98% for Cryplocercus anthonyamis. For R. houlletiana and S. truncata, maximum net CO, uptake occurred at a photosynthetically active radiation of only 200 μmol m−2 s−1, as is typical for shade plants. Short-term drought of R. rhombea caused a shift favoring nocturnal CO, uptake. For the 6 species examined, increased reliance on nocturnal CO, uptake characteristic of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was closely correlated with increases in stem thickness, fresh weight per unit area, water mass per unit area, and to a somewhat lesser extent with another measure of succulence, water mass per unit mass of chlorophyll.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb05252.x
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