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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High and low temperature tolerances and their relationships to distribution of agaves (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 6 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The potential influence of tissue tolerances to extreme temperatures on distributional limits was investigated for 15 taxa (14 species) of leaf-succulent agaves from the south-western United States and northern Mexico. As a group, the agaves exhibited a moderate low temperature tolerance of – 11°C (based on a 50% inhibition in the number of mesophyll cells taking up a stain, neutral red). However, nearly all of the species were able to tolerate extremely high tissue temperatures of over 60°C. Nocturnal acid accumulation by these crassulacean acid metabolism plants was about 6°C more sensitive to temperature extremes than was cellular membrane integrity.High and low temperature acclimation in response to changing day/night air temperatures was observed in all 15 taxa, with high temperature acclimation averaging two-fold greater than low temperature acclimation (3.8°C versus 2.0°C per 10°C change in ambient temperature). Species occupying the coldest habitats exhibited the greatest low temperature tolerances and acclimation; several such species, such as Agave utahensis and A. schottii, had small rosette sizes which resulted in higher minimum leaf temperatures. Species from the hottest habitats had among the greatest high temperature tolerances and acclimation; the two species from open desert scrub habitats, A. deserti and A. lecheguilla, had the lowest leaf shortwave absorptances observed, which would result in lower maximum leaf temperatures. Thus morphology and tissue tolerances to stressful temperatures reflect the temperature extremes of a plant's native habitat, although low temperature tolerance appears to limit the distribution of agaves more than high temperature tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11589339
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influences of soil volume and an elevated CO2 level on growth and CO2 exchange for the Crassulacean acid metabolism plant Opuntia ficus-indica (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 90 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Effects of the current (38 Pa) and an elevated (74 Pa) CO2 partial pressure on root and shoot areas, biomass accumulation and daily net CO2 exchange were determined for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, a highly productive Crassulacean acid metabolism species cultivated worldwide. Plants were grown in environmentally controlled rooms for 18 weeks in pots of three soil volumes (2 600, 6 500 and 26 000 cm3), the smallest of which was intended to restrict root growth. For plants in the medium-sized soil volume, basal cladodes tended to be thicker and areas of main and lateral roots tended to be greater as the CO2 level was doubled. Daughter cladodes tended to be initiated sooner at the current compared with the elevated CO2 level but total areas were similar by 10 weeks. At 10 weeks, daily net CO2 uptake for the three soil volumes averaged 24% higher for plants growing under elevated compared with current CO2 levels, but at 18 weeks only 3% enhancement in uptake occurred. Dry weight gain was enhanced 24% by elevated CO2 during the first 10 weeks but only 8% over 18 weeks. Increasing the soil volume 10-fold led to a greater stimulation of daily net CO2 uptake and biomass production than did doubling the CO2 level. At 18 weeks, root biomass doubled and shoot biomass nearly doubled as the soil volume was increased 10-fold; the effects of soil volume tended to be greater for elevated CO2. The amount of cladode nitrogen per unit dry weight decreased as the CO2 level was raised and increased as soil volume increased, the latter suggesting that the effects of soil volume could be due to nitrogen limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02208.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of applied NaCl on Opuntia humifusa (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 72 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant morphology in the field in Virginia, USA, and growth responses to applied NaCl in a glasshouse were determined for two populations of Opuntia humifusa (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, one from an inland site and the other from the marine strand, which differed in potential exposure to salinity. Cladode dimensions, plant height and rooting depth varied significantly between the populations. Application of NaCl in 50 mM increments up to 400 mM every 3 days for 6 weeks caused the cladodes to decrease up to 30% in thickness, the decrease being about 20% more at 50 to 150 mM NaCl for plants from the inland site than from the marine strand. Inhibition by 150 mM NaCl of the maximum rate of net CO2 uptake and of the total CO2 uptake over a 24-h period was greater for the inland population. Growth, especially of roots, was inhibited by applied NaCl, with a decrease in biomass above 200 mM NaCl for plants from the inland site and not until 400 mM for those from the marine strand. Although the root Na+ level was the same for plants from the two populations, reaching a maximum of about 8 mg (g dry weight)−1 at 200 mM NaCl, the cladode Na+ level was two-fold higher for plants from the marine strand than from the inland site. Thus, exclusion of Na+ from the cladodes is not the reason for the greater NaCl tolerance of O. humifusa from the marine strand, which is a habitat that can experience periodic episodes of high salinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb05843.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and water balances for young fruits of platyopuntias (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 109 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Questions relating to transpired versus retained water for fruits, the xylem versus the phloem as water supplier to the fruits, and the importance of fruit photosynthesis for fruit dry mass gain were examined in the field for 6 species of platyopuntias (Nopalea cochenillifera, Opuntia ficus-indica, O. megacantha, O. robusta, O. streptacantha and O. undulata), cacti with flattened stem segments (cladodes). For plants with fruits midway between floral bud appearance and fruit maturation, transpiration was greater at night for the cladodes, as expected for Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, but greater during the daytime for the fruits of all 6 species. Nevertheless, net CO2 uptake by fruits of these platyopuntias occurred predominantly at night, as expected for CAM plants. The water potential of the young fruits (average of −0.41 MPa) was higher than that of the cladodes (average of −0.60 MPa), indicating that water entered the fruits via the phloem rather than via the xylem. Solution entry into the fruits via the phloem supplied the water lost by transpiration and allowed for increases in fruit fresh mass (daily transpiration averaged 3.2-fold higher than daily water content increases), while the accumulating solutes were apparently polymerized to account for the higher water potentials of the fruits compared with the cladodes. The phloem thus acts as the sole supplier of water and the main supplier of dry mass (90%) to such young fruits of platyopuntias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100208.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 uptake and fluorescence responses for a shade-tolerant cactus Hylocereus undatus under current and doubled CO2 concentrations (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 93 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton and Rose growing in controlled environment chambers at 370 and 740 μmol CO2 mol−1 air showed a Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pattern of CO2 uptake, with 34% more total daily CO2 uptake under the doubled CO2 concentration and most of the increase occurring in the late afternoon. For both CO2 concentrations, 90% of the maximal daily CO2 uptake occurred at a total daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of only 10 mol m−2 day−1 and the best day/night air temperatures were 25/15°C. Enhancement of the daily net CO2 uptake by doubling the CO2 concentration was greater under the highest PPFD (30 mol m−2 day−1) and extreme day/night air temperatures (15/5 and 45/35°C). After 24 days of drought, daily CO2 uptake under 370 μmol CO2 mol−1 was 25% of that under 740 μmol CO2 mol−1. The ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fy/Fm) decreased as the PPFD was raised above 5 mol m−2 day−1, at extreme day/night temperatures and during drought, suggesting that stress occurred under these conditions. Fv/Fm was higher under the doubled CO2 concentration, indicating that the current CO2 concentration was apparently limiting for photosynthesis. Thus net CO2 uptake by the shade-tolerant H. undatus, the photosynthetic efficiency of which was greatest at low PPFDs. showed a positive response to doubling the CO2 concentration, especially under stressful environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb06850.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of drought on water relations and nonstructural carbohydrates in cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 81 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nocturnal acid accumulation, water content, osmotic pressure (π), and nonstructural carbohydrates were determined in the chlorenchyma and the water-storage parenchyma of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller for well-watered plants and those subjected to drought for 15 weeks. During the 15-week drought, total cladode water content decreased by 57%, the water-storage parenchyma losing a greater fraction of water than the chlorenchyma, which most likely helped maintain nocturnal acid accumulation in the latter tissue. Despite the preferential water loss from the water-storage parenchyma, it had a lower π than the chlorenchyma over the 15 weeks of drought, suggesting a substantial decrease in osmotically active solutes in the water-storage parenchyma. Also, the measured π increases of both tissues were much less than those predicted based on the loss of water during drought and the initial content of osmotically active solutes under well-watered conditions. A decrease in the amount of soluble sugars (glucose. fructose and sucrose) occurred in plants subjected to drought. accounting for 46% and 81% of the difference between the measured and the predicted increases in π of the chlorenchyma and the water-storage parenchyma. respectively. The decrease in soluble sugars was associated with an equivalenl increase in polysaccharides, presumably starch, in the water-storage parenchyma. but not in the chlorenchyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb05090.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field productivity of a CAM plant, Agave salmiana, estimated using daily acidity changes under various environmental conditions (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 65 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nocturnal acidity increases of the Crassulaceae acid metabolism succulent Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm. ssp. crassispina (Trel.) Gentry were determined for various photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels in the field and various day/night temperatures and soil water potentials in the laboratory. When a particular factor was optimal for nocturnal acid accumulation, it was assigned an index value of unity. The product of the three indices was termed the environmental productivity index (EPI), which summarizes the effect of PAR, temperature, and water status on nocturnal acid accumulation. A monthly value for EPI was determined using microclimatic conditions at the field site near Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosf, Mexico. EPI was highly correlated with the number of leaves unfolding monthly from plants in the field (r2= 0.95), where monitoring of such leaf unfolding is a non-destructive technique for assessing plant productivity. By using the measured leaf area index for four groups of A. salmiana and a relationship between acid accumulation and net CO2 up-take, the EPI acidity data were converted to dry weight gain per unit ground area. This measure of productivity closely agreed with the 1.05 kg m−2 year−1 determined by conventional harvesting techniques. The productivity is also in agreement with studies on other desert agaves, but about 10-fold higher than that generally considered for desert ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb08663.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological responses of Opuntia ficus-indica to growth temperature (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The influences of various day/night air temperatures on net CO2 uptake and nocturnal acid accumulation were determined for Opuntia ficus-indica, complementing previous studies on the water relations and responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for this widely cultivated cactus. As for other Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, net nocturnal CO2 uptake had a relatively low optimal temperature, ranging from 11°C for plants grown at day/night air temperatures of 10°C/0°C to 23°C at 45°C/35°C. Stomatal opening, which occurred essentially only at night and was measured by changes in water vapor conductance, progressively decreased as the measurement temperature was raised. The CO2 residual conductance, which describes chlorenchyma properties, had a temperature optimum a few degrees higher than the optimum for net CO2 uptake at all growth temperatures. Nocturnal CO2 uptake and acid accumulation summed over the whole night were maximal for growth temperatures near 25°C/15°C, CO2 uptake decreasing more rapidly than acid accumulation as the growth temperature was raised. At day/night air temperatures that led to substantial nocturnal acid accumulation (25°C/15°C.). 90% saturation of acid accumulation required a higher total daily PAR than at non-optimal growth temperatures (10°C/0°C and 35°C/25°C). Also, the optimal temperature of net CO2 uptake shifted downward when the plants were under drought conditions at all three growth temperatures tested, possibly reflecting an increased fractional importance of respiration at the higher temperatures during drought. Thus, water status, ambient PAR, and growth temperatures must all be considered when predicting the temperature response of gas exchange for O. ficus-indica and presumably for other CAM plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04257.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas exchange and metabolite fluctuations in green and yellow bands of variegated leaves of the monocotyledonous CAM species Agave americana (1998)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 103 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The variegated leaves of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species Agave americana have a large central longitudinal green band with narrow yellow bands on either side. The yellow bands had 97% less pigment content, 84% lower ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, but only 20% lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity than the green band. The green bands exhibited gas exchange typical of CAM plants, with most CO2 uptake occurring at night, leading to a daily net CO2 uptake of 127 mmol m−2 day−1. The yellow bands had some nighttime net CO2 uptake but a larger loss during the daytime, indicating that they were sink tissues. Nocturnal citrate and malate accumulations for the yellow bands were 65 and 75%, respectively, of those of the green bands; sucrose supported 64-83% of their nocturnal acid accumulation. This is the first evidence that agaves, which are malic-enzyme-type CAM plants, use sucrose as the carbon source for nocturnal acid accumulation. About 44% of the carbon demand of the yellow bands can be supplied by sucrose diffusing via the symplast from the adjacent green band, about 25% from fructose and glucose diffusion, and some via the apoplast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030112.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and CO2 uptake for cladodes and fruit of the Crassulacean acid metabolism species Opuntia ficus-indica during fruit development (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 91 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth and daily net CO2 uptake were measured for fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica and for its cladodes with 0. 5, 10 and 15 fruit and for cladodes after fruit removal. Growth of individual fruit decreased but fruit dry weight per cladode increased as the number of fruit per cladode increased. Removal of fruit decreased the total daily net CO2 uptake of the bearing cladode by about 10%. From 15 to 45 days after flowering, nocturnal CO2 uptake per unit area of the fruit averaged 19% of that of cladodes and then declined, as did the chlorophyll content and the activity of the CO2-fixing enzymes. Fruit growth for O. ficus-indica was supported by the bearing cladode as well as other cladodes, especially for cladodes with more than 5 fruit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb03009.x
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