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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and serological characterization of influenza A viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at Tokyo airport (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 57 (1978), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-two strains of influenza A virus were isolated from caged birds which had been imported into Japan from India and Thailand and had died during transportation to Tokyo. Serological tests divided these strains into two groups. Viruses in the first group contained Hav7 hemagglutinin and were related antigenically to A/duck/ Ukraine/1/63 [Hav7 Neq2]; viruses in the second group contained Hav4 hemagglutinin and were related to A/duck/Czech/56 (Hav4 Nav1]. All strains contained Neq2 neuraminidase that was closely related to that of A/equine/Miami/1/63 [Heq2 Neq2] and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 [Hav7 Neq2]. It was concluded that the strains in the first group were Hav7 Neq2 and those in the second group were Hav4 Neq2; both groups of viruses showed antigenic drift from the prototype strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315090
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistence of Q strain of H2N2 influenza virus in avian species: Antigenic, biological and genetic analysis of avian and human H2N2 viruses (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 81 (1984), S. 239-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The characteristics of an avian influenza virus were compared in detail with those of human Asian (H2N2) influenza viruses. Antigenic analysis by different antisera against H2N2 viruses and monoclonal antibodies to both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens showed that an avian isolate, A/duck/München/9/79 contained hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits closely related to those of the early human H2N2 viruses which had been prevalent in 1957. However, this avian virus gave low HI titers with absorbed and non-absorbed antisera to different human H2N2 viruses isolated in 1957. Like human Q phase variant, such as A/RI/5−/57 (H2N2), hemagglutination of the above avian strain was not inhibited by the purified non-specific γ-inhibitor from guinea pig serum. Growth behavior at restrictive temperature (42° C) clearly differentiate the avian H2N2 virus from human influenza viruses, showing that the former virus grew well in MDCK cells at 42° C but not the latters. Genomic analysis of these viruses revealed that the oligonucleotide map of H2N2 virus isolated from a duck was quite different from those of human H2N2 viruses from 1957 to 1967. The oligonucleotide mapping also indicated that different H2N2 influenza virus variants had co-circulated in humans in 1957.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309996
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigenic characterization of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of avian paramyxoviruses by specific antisera to isolated HN subunits (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 83 (1985), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antisera for the isolated HN proteins of eight reference strains of avian paramyxoviruses could be prepared in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of guinea pig red blood cells (GRBC) coated with purified HN proteins. In the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, all reference strains reacted strongly with each homologous antiserum to the isolated HN showing that a low level of cross-reactivity among the reference strains was greatly diminished by using specific antisera. Immuno-double-diffusion (IDD) tests showed that all antisera except those to turkey/Wisconsin/68 and duck/Hong Kong/D3/75 gave single well-defined lines only with the homologous viruses. The remaining two antisera developed a single definite precipitin line together with weak lines with homologous virus. Two isolates in Japan were clearly identified in HI and IDD tests with specific antisera to the HN subunits of the reference strains suggesting that the antisera were useful for identification of avian paramyxovirus isolates. Two isolates in Japan, H-70 from a munia-bird and Y-7 from a duck were found to have HN proteins related closely to those of finch/N. Ireland/Bangor/73 and duck/Hong Kong/199/77, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309919
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of reference strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and NDV-like isolates by monoclonal antibodies to HN subunits (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 85 (1985), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) subunits of NDV and NDV-like isolates were analyzed antigenically by monoclonal antibodies to the HN of Miyadera and Taka viruses. In immuno-double-diffusion (IDD) tests, all NDVs examined gave clear lines of precipitation with some of the potent monoclonal antibodies, but it was difficult to determine with certainty the immunological properties of HN subunits due to a rare disagreement with the results obtained in other immunological tests. Monoclonal antibodies used in the tests were found to show different immunological reactivities with the viruses. Monoclonal antibodies belonging to the 1st group (1/29) inhibited the hemagglutinating (HA) activity of all strains but not the neuraminidase (NA) activity. The second monoclonal antibody (5/205) inhibited both the HA and NA activities of the restrictive NDV strains, indicating antigenic changes in HN molecules. However, the inhibitory activity of this monoclone to neuraminidase appeared to be greatly diminished when neuraminyl lactose was used as substrate. Although the 3rd type of monoclonal antibody (5/220) showed HI activity against several strains, this antibody did not inhibit NA activity of any viruses. The remaining monoclone to the HN of Taka virus inhibited the HA activity of all reference strains of NDV and many NDV-like isolates but did not affect NA activity. Two inhibitory activities of four monoclonal antibodies against different viruses, HI and hemolysis-inhibition, were not always consistent with inhibition of virus growth. HI and NI tests with the above four monoclonal antibodies showed that the strains tested fell into five antigenic groups according to their reaction patterns with mouse hybridoma antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01317010
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difference in growth behavior of human, swine, equine, and avian influenza viruses at a high temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 100 (1988), S. 231-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth characteristics of a wide range of influenza A viruses from different mammals and bird species were examined in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells at an ordinary (37°C) and a high temperature (42°C). Although all viruses employed in the present study possessed a capability of replicating at 37°C, virus growth at 42°C showed considerable variation and reflected differences in the natural hosts of the isolates. All reference strains and isolates from bird species grew well in the MDCK cells maintained at 42°C, but human viruses did not, showing an asymmetrical growth behavior. In contrast to this, growth of swine and equine viruses showed growth characteristics intermediate between human and avian viruses. Of the two swine viruses examined, replication of one strain occured equally well at both temperatures and another failed to grow at 42°C. Similarly, two of the three equine viruses tested belonging to H3N8 antigenic subtypes grew at 42°C. However, the results obtained from comparison of plaque sizes and growth curves indicated that the replication of the above swine and equine viruses was restricted under a stringent temperature when compared to avian viruses. The detailed analysis of cloned viruses revealed that some of the swine and equine viruses contained two variants which are readily distinguished by growth behavior at 42°C. Genome analysis of parental and virus clones by oligonucleotide mapping and migration profiles of RNA segments did not detect any differences among the above variants exhibiting the asymmetrical growth characteristics at 42°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01487686
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The first isolation of swine H1N1 influenza viruses from pigs in Thailand (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 118 (1991), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two influenza A viruses were isolated from pigs in Thailand in January 1988 during the early febrile stage of an influenza-like illness. The isolates contained hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens related to those of swine H1N1 influenza virus. This result based on the virus isolation is compatible with the epizootiological evidence that, unlike the human influenza with peak activity in summer (May–July), swine influenza virus is prevalent in the winter season (November–January) in Thailand. The proportion of sera with hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was higher to A/NJ/8/76 than to A/sw/Iowa/15/30. Likewise, hemagglutination-inhibition tests with monoclonal antibodies indicated that hemagglutinin antigen of the isolates was very similar to that of A/NJ/8/76 virus. In agreement with the serological survey and antigenic characteristic, genetic relatedness between the isolates from Thailand and A/NJ/8/76 virus was also demonstrated by the oligonucleotide mapping of RNA, suggesting that they may be of the same origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314040
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of neuraminidase from influenza C virus (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 50 (1976), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Influenza C viruses did not possess neuraminidase activity when examined using either fetuin or sialyllactose as substrate. Purified preparations of influenza C virus inhibited hemagglutination by NWS hemagglutinin. The hemagglutination inhibiting activity was a bolished by treatment of influenza C virus with neuraminidase. These findings indicated the absence of neuraminidase activity on influenza C virus particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320578
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a 1980-swine recombinant influenza virus possessing H1 hemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase similar to that of the earliest Hong Kong (H3N2) virus (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 86 (1985), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A recombinant (H1N2, formerly Hsw1N2), A/swine/Ehime/1/80 was found to possess antigenic, biological and genomic characteristics different from those of a previous A/swine/Kanagawa/2/78 (H1N2) strain (22). Five monoclonal antibodies to A/NJ/8/76 definitely differentiated the hemagglutinin molecules of the former virus from the latter, showing that these viruses differed, at least, at two antigenic determinants. Neuraminidase-inhibition tests with monoclonal antibodies to different H2N2 and H3N2 viruses revealed that the A/swine/Ehime/1/80 strain contained a neuraminidase very similar to that of the late human Asian (H2N2) and the earliest Hong Kong (H3N2) viruses. Growth comparison of swine and human isolates indicated that A/swine/Ehime/1/80 and A/swine/Shizuoka/1/78 (H1N1) failed to grow at 42°C, while A/swine/Kanagawa/2/78 and its possible parental virus, A/swine/Kanagawa/4/78 (H1N1) replicated efficiently at this stringent temperature. These results revealed that the viruses having growth characteristics similar to those of avian influenza virus were present in the swine population. RNA analysis by oligonucleotide mapping suggested that A/swine/Ehime/1/80 may be a recombinant between A/swine/Shizuoka/1/78-like and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2)-like viruses. To further determine the gene constellation of this recombinant virus, DNA-RNA hybridization was performed by using DNA segments complementary for swine (H1N1) virus RNA and the entire RNAs of three viruses. The molecular hybridization could define the genomic composition of the recombinant, indicating that only the neuraminidase gene of this virus is derived from the earliest Hong Kong (H3N2)-like virus and remaining seven genes from swine (H1N1) virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309825
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary characterization of recent human H3N2 influenza A isolates from Japan and China: novel changes in the receptor binding domain (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 141 (1996), S. 1349-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent human H3N2 influenza viruses isolated in Japan and China were characterised from an evolutionary point of view. They appeared to have divided into three minor branch clusters, including 1992–1993, 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 isolates. It was of particular interest to reveal that in addition to amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites of the HA molecule, amino acid changes occurred at position 226 of the receptor binding site from lysine or glutamine to isoleucine in all strains belonging to the 1994–1995 branch cluster. This is the first evidence of human H3N2 influenza isolates, or any other influenza HA serotypes, to contain a conserved amino acid residue other than lysine or glutamine at this key position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718836
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing an immunodominant epitope of HIV-1 envelope protein within an influenza hemagglutinin cassette predominantly prime epitope-specific CD8+ CTL (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 1469-1485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  We constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses (RVV) expressing a 15-residue peptide (P18IIIB; RIQRGPGRAFVTIGK) of gp160 envelope protein from a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) IIIB isolate using an H1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene cassette. Immunofluorescent tests with antisera against both H1N1 influenza virus and P18IIIB localized chimeric HA molecules comprising influenza virus HA and P18IIIB peptide intracellularly, but the P18IIIB could not be seen on the outer surfaces of infected cells though weak fluorescence was detected regarding HA molecule. Consistent with these findings, Western blotting confirmed the expression of a polypeptide of about 74-kDa protein representing chimeric HA molecule in the infected cells. These recombinants markedly primed CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for P18IIIB as well as HA protein of the influenza virus, but failed to elicit P18IIIB-specific antibody despite stimulating production of HA-specific antibody. In addition, the P18IIIB-specific CTL could strongly lyse target cells expressing the whole HIV-1 envelope gene of IIIB strain. Thus, the influenza virus chimeric HA cassette vector system used in the present study appeared to be a useful tool for constructing vaccine candidates which will predominantly prime CD8+ CTL specific for immunodominant determinants of various infectious agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050604
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