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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 36 (1986), S. 63-88 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The digital remote sensing classification procedure applied to the lakes Pyhäjärvi (near Säkylä), Koskeljärvi and Köyliönjärvi in southwestern Finland is based on spectral reflectances. The aquatic surfaces were divided into five categories consisting of eleven classes connected with water depth, water turbidity, nature of the bottom and the aquatic vegetation. Generalization of this classification over other water areas of different types allowed the authors to evaluate the usefulness, value and accuracy of the classification. All water areas, although representing different types, were rationally categorized into five main types, although some pairs among the eleven classes were slightly confused, or became ambiguous. Hydrolittoral and aquatic Landsat MSS remote sensing seems to be useful for parametric mapping under circumstances in which field data collected from a small number of reference areas are to be extrapolated to apply to other areas within a single MSS frame. Some supplementary test field inspections and background information would be required, however, in order to guarantee that the primary reference areas were representative enough, or if not, to indicate the variety of aquatic areas classified together. With these restrictions, the machine-processed remote sensing would result in a practical and economical mapping procedure which should, as a next step, be developed for temporal studies in view of the longterm nature of the Landsat project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 24 (1981), S. 327-338 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The tectonics of the Grimaldi area are described and analyzed in detail from high-resolution Lunar Orbiter photographs. Rille grabens are long and narrow fault zone structures of lunar terra. The polygonal rille graben pattern indicates the importance of lunar internal activity with an adjoining thin lithosphere in the areal tectonics at the time of rille grabening. The graben subsidence developed during tensional bending of this thin terra lithosphere. The en échelon graben offsets indicate the existence of strikeslip movements along the main fault under tensional lithosphere conditions. In some places mare ridge ranges continue in the direction of the rille graben indicating the connection of these structures to each other as part of the lunar tectonic evolution. The very thin mare lithosphere was affected more easily and over a longer period of time by lunar internal forces. The effect of older structural units is thus less conspicuous within mare areas. Proposed Riedel-shear-like structures indicate a slight shortening and compression of the mare basin lithosphere during movements along lava-covered zones of weakness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 29 (1983), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method for mapping the pixel-scale and larger ruggednesses of the Martian ridged plains within Solis Planum is described by assuming the Lommel-Seeliger's reflection law. This method allows surface tilt angles towards and away from the Sun to be estimated and topographic elevations to be displayed by the aid of monoscopic digital image data. The restrictions of this method are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 45 (1989), S. 187-204 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of the central calderas of the Alba Patera summit area is proposed to have been caused by collapse(s) into relatively shallow and wide magma chamber(s). The subduction or collapse of the whole central Alba Patera area and the formation of peripheral circular fossae grabens around it were caused by a deeper, wider and more primary magmatic process which was more directly connected to the ascending hot mantle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 31 (1984), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lunar crustal shortening does not seem to be restricted to the lava-filled basins alone; but there are some young scarp-like terra ridges in places around mare areas where they often continue other tectonic structures. This crustal shortening has not reached the same intensity as in the case of the lobate scarp overthrusts on Mercury. Young lunar terra ridges indicate that crustal shortening with an areal extent also took place slightly around mare basins. Thus they link tensional rille tectonics with compressional mare ridge tectonics and indicate that areal heating/bending/extension — cooling/ shortening/compression may describe an important explaining factor in lunar mare- and near-mare tectonics in addition to the volcanic extrusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 31 (1984), S. 183-216 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Landsat MSS imagery is employed to assess the aquatic complexes of the regulated Lake Kemijärvi and the adjoining small natural lakes in Northern Finland. Ground data were collected from within the hydrolittoral areas to allow the evaluation and revision of the computer-aided Landsat MSS classification. The major developments reported here are: (1) the utilization of the computer-aided technique for surveying natural and regulated aquatic areas, (2) the recognition of different aquatic units and complexes defined by depth relations, bottom quality, vegetation coverage or flooding stage, and (3) the presentation of the lower limit of satellite data applicability for mapping small-sized and complicated areas. Although the low spectral and ground resolution levels place restrictions on the use of computeraided Landsat MSS data remote sensing for the parametric mapping of all aquatic phenomena, such data are still of value under circumstances in which ground data collected from a small number of reference areas can be extrapolated to apply to the surrounding lakes and aquatic areas within a single MSS frame. Studies of this kind also facilitate the multitemporal inspection of changing regulated lake environments, due to the long-term nature of the Landsat project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 30 (1984), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An example is presented to assist remote sensing scientists in their orientation towards the digital analysis of planetary image data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 45 (1989), S. 237-263 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two small planitiae south of Fortuna Tessera define distinct crustal units not very unlike to small crustal plates or subplates. The mobile transformation zone between Fortuna Tessera and Allat Planitia is caused by colliding crustal plates and evidently indicates the mobilization of the planitia unit foiled by the parquet terrain. Ridges parallel to this zone and in dextral ridge groups on planitia support the idea of the main N(W)-S(E) compression. Allat Planitia has been pushed approximately from the south and southeast against Fortuna Tessera which, in contrary, has spreaded to the southeast. Within the smaller planitia there are two conjugate ridge sets and a third ridge set parallel to the parquet border. The crossing ridge sets favour the existence of a compressional NW-SE force, as do the N-S directed ridges of the middle planitia area. At least three tectonic phases within Allat Planitia can be found. The main compression was in N(W)-S(E) direction. Prominent right-handed en echelon ridge groups and long parallel ridges of the northern planitia area indicate this comrpessional environment as well as the transformation zone against Fortuna Tessera. Short dome-like ridges indicate the tension gash opening during a NW-SE compression phase. An E-W (or NWW-SEE) compression resulted in the formation of the long linear wrinkle ridge-like N-S structures on Allat Planitia. The NW-SE compression, which has caused the formation of the dextral, E-W oriented major fault, was then the youngest of the main tectonic phases involved within the area studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 73 (1996), S. 195-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Venus ; impact craters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents fractal analyses of 28 outflow margins from 18 Venusian impact craters. The fractal dimensions of the second parts of R-plots of the outflow outlines were measured by a three-step method. The fractality values for the same outflow measured from images which have only a small difference in resolution are very similar, while large differences in image resolution may result in differences in fractality, possibly due to the fact that we are actually studying geological processes on different scales. The outflows were classified into three general categories: single outflows, multiple outflows and outflow fields. Three conclusions were drawn on the relations between fractality and crater diameter, which may be related to the greater effects caused by the immediate local environment on the outflows from small craters than on those from larger craters. Investigation of the relations between the regional topography and fractality indicates that there are substantially less effects on outflows originating from large craters than on those from small craters. The smooth bending in the R-plot and the higher D-value for the multiple outflows could result from the mixing of various fractal or non-fractal units. When comparing our results with the fractality of terrestrial lava flows, outflows from craters of diameter greater than 50 km seem to resemble a′a-type lava flows in their fractal dimensions and outflows from craters of diameter below 50 km tend to be more pahoehoe-like. This preliminary result is based on 28 outflows, however, and the pattern should be investigated more carefully by further more extensive work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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