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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sovereign Cat Bonds and Infrastructure Project Financing (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We examine the opportunities for using catastrophe-linked securities (or equivalent forms of nondebt contingent capital) to reduce the total costs of funding infrastructure projects in emerging economies. Our objective is to elaborate on methods to reduce the necessity for unanticipated (emergency) project funding immediately after a natural disaster. We also place the existing explanations of sovereign-level contingent capital into a catastrophic risk management framework. In doing so, we address the following questions. (1) Why might catastrophe-linked securities be useful to a sovereign nation, over and above their usefulness for insurers and reinsurers? (2) Why are such financial instruments ideally suited for protecting infrastructure projects in emerging economies, under third-party sponsorship, from low-probability, high-consequence events that occur as a result of natural disasters? (3) How can the willingness to pay of a sovereign government in an emerging economy (or its external project sponsor), who values timely completion of infrastructure projects, for such instruments be calculated? To supplement our treatment of these questions, we use a multilayer spreadsheet-based model (in Microsoft Excel format) to calculate the overall cost reductions possible through the judicious use of catastrophe-based financial tools. We also report on numerical comparative statics on the value of contingent-capital financing to avoid project disruption based on varying costs of capital, probability and consequences of disasters, the feasibility of strategies for mid-stage project abandonment, and the timing of capital commitments to the infrastructure investment. We use these results to identify high-priority applications of catastrophe-linked securities so that maximal protection can be realized if the total number of catastrophe instruments is initially limited. The article concludes with potential extensions to our model and opportunities for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00341
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt tolerance in Eucalyptus spp.: identity and response of putative osmolytes (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In four species of salt-tolerant eucalypts (Eucalyptus raveretiana, E. spathulata, E. sargentii and E. loxophleba), we found substantial concentrations of quercitol – a cyclitol known for its accumulation in seeds of Quercus. Quercitol was absent in old foliage of E. globulus, a species noted for greater susceptibility to salinity, and also absent in the moderately tolerant E. camaldulensis, but, relative to other species, both had higher foliar concentrations of inositol. Simple sugars and cyclitols accumulated to osmotically significant concentrations in all species. The osmotic potential of expressed sap was always less than that of the external ‘soil’ solution and increasing salinity produced predictable reductions in growth and increases in ion concentrations in foliage of saplings of four eucalypt species. The more salt-tolerant species, E. spathulata, E. loxophleba and E. sargentii, were able to maintain well-regulated leaf Na+ concentrations even at 300 mol m−3 NaCl. These more salt-tolerant species also showed an apparent increase in net selectivity for K+ over Na+ as salinity increased, irrespective of the Na+ : Ca2+ ratio of the external medium (range 25 : 1 to 75 : 1; Ca2+ always ≥ 4.0 mol m−3). By contrast, E. globulus was unable to exclude Na+ when exposed to higher NaCl concentrations (e.g. 200 and 300 mol m−3). Carbon isotope signatures of foliage reflected imposed salinity but were not strongly enough correlated with growth to support previous suggestions that isotope discrimination be a means of evaluating salt tolerance. On the other hand, patterns of sugar and cyclitol accumulation should be further explored in eucalypts as traits contributing to salt tolerance, and with potential use as markers in breeding programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01328.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 437 (2005), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning reduce local air quality and affect global tropospheric chemistry. Nitrogen oxides are emitted by all combustion processes and play a key part in the photochemically induced catalytic production of ozone, which results in summer smog and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04092
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis and accumulation of D-ononitol in Vigna umbellata in response to drought stress (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Metabolic responses to water deficit that lead to an accumulation of cyclitols, have been examined in rice bean (Vigna umbellata [Thunb.] Ohwi et Ohashi). Imposition of drought stress by withholding water from the soil for 9 days led to an accumulation of D-ononitol (lD-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) which was most pronounced in leaves (from 33 to 88 umol g−1 dry mass). However, the activity of the enzyme myo-inositol 6-O-methyltransferase (m6OMT, EC 2.1.1.X), which catalyzes the synthesis of ononitol from myo-inositol and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), increased in stems but not in leaves during the drought stress experiment. Detailed analysis of different plant parts revealed that the accumulation of ononitol in leaves was linearly related to stem m6OMT activity during drought stress, indicating that m6OMT may control the in vivo biosynthetic rate of this cyclitol. The availability of myo-inositol, required for enhanced rates of ononitol synthesis by m6OMT, increased during the stress experiment, while the capacity to synthezise AdoMet by S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SMS, EC 2.5.1.6) decreased. However, the high capacity for degradation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy; a potent competitive inhibitor of m6OMT) by the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SHH, EC 3.3.1.1) provided favourable conditions for ononitol biosynthesis during the whole stress treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01016.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition compounds of nucleophiles and 3-ethylthio-6-oxo-6H-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiolium tetrafluoroborate. Synthesis of 3H,6H-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiole-3-one-6-thione (1991)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 122 (1991), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 3H, 6H-1,2-Dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiole-3,6-dithione, synthesis and partial desulfuration of ; 3H, 6H-1,2-Dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiole-3-one-6-thione, synthesis and alkylation of ; 3-Ethylthio-6-oxo-6H-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiolium tetrafluoroborate, synthesis and formation of adducts with nucleophiles of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine glatte Synthese für 3H,6H-1,2-Dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiol-3,6-dithion (3) und für dessen partielle Entschwefelung zu 3H,6H-1,2-Dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiol-3-on-6-thion (4) wird angegeben. Das Ethylierungsprodukt5 des Monothions4 reagiert mit unterschiedlichen Nukleophilen zu bemerkenswert stabilen Addukten. Die Addukte mit Methanol,tert.-Butylmercaptan und mit Anilin wurden isoliert und durch ihr1H-NMR-Spektrum charakterisiert.
    Notes: Summary A smooth method of synthesizing 3H, 6H-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiole-3,6-dithione (3), and also its partial desulfuration to yield 3H, 6H-1,2-dithiolo[4,3-c]1,2-dithiole-3-one-6-thione (4) is presented. The ethylation product5 of the monothione4 reacts with various nucleophilic reagents to form remarkably stable adducts. The adducts of5 with methanol,tert-butyl mercaptan, and with aniline could be isolated and characterized by their1H-NMR spectra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00815167
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Application of Electro-Thermally Sensitive Gels (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advances in science and technology Vol. 61 (Sept. 2008), p. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-0356
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Stimuli-sensitive change their volume (equilibrium degree of swelling), mechanicalproperties (elasticity, stiffness) and molecular transport properties in response to a small change inthe properties of the swelling agent, like temperature, solvent composition, pH value, ionconcentration, etc. Widespread used smart gels take advantages of the volume phase transitioninduced by a change of temperature. The temperature of volume phase transition depends on theinteraction between gel and solvent. For a gel with defined chemical structure it can be changed bythe composition of the swelling agent, e.g. content of salt or organic components. For application,e.g. in MEMS, an easy and controlled stimulation of volume phase transition is required. Thedegree of swelling (Q) and therefore the dimension of gel structures are determined bytemperature. It is possible to regulate Q to a predetermined value by heating/cooling. Thermalenergy inside a gel-based device can be easily generated and regulated by incorporated heatingresistors and temperature sensors. Different structures (micro-spheres, pads, patterned layers) ofsmart hydrogels are applied. The switching between two different states of swelling is induced bychanges of temperature or by changing the environment. Using the example of gel-basedmicrovalves, sensors, sensor arrays, pumps, and chemostats (concentration control of chemicalsubstances) the sensor-actuator properties and advantages of this group of polymers are discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/42/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAST.61.147.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erfassung morphologischer Hornhautveränderungen infolge Chloroquintherapie mit Hilfe der konfokalen In-vivo-Mikroskopie (1997)
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 94 (1997), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hornhaut ; Hornhautepithel ; Hornhautstroma ; Chloroquin ; Konfokale Mikroskopie ; Key words Cornea ; Corneal epithelium ; Corneal stroma ; Chloroquine ; Confocal microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Chloroquine keratopathy is known as a disease with epithelial deposits in the cornea. The appearance of corneal changes does not seem to be related to dose and duration of treatment. Chloroquine accumulates in lysosomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate microscopic changes of corneal morphology in patients treated with chloroquine in vivo. Patients and methods: Using the confocal slit scanning microscope, we examined 16 patients during chloroquine treatment and 4 patients after treatment. The patients' age was between 33 and 75 years. They were treated with chloroquine over a minimum period of 2 months up to a maximum period of 10 years. Results: In 12 of 20 patients, corneal changes were visible. An atypical inverse reflectivity of basal cells in comparison to healthy volunteers was found. There were also deposits in the wing cell layer. We saw a higher density in the anterior stroma before the appearance of epithelial opacities, as well as in cases of keratopathy on slit-lamp examination and also after the cessation of chloroquine treatment. In one patient with long-term therapy, there were atypically shaped and branched nerves in the anterior stroma. Conclusions: Using confocal microscopy, it was in some cases possible to detect changes in the corneal morphology before these changes could be detected by slit-lamp examination. As a result of this study we found that chloroquine keratopathy is not limited to the epithelium but can affect the anterior stroma and possibly neural structures.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Die Chloroquinkeratopathie ist als eine reversible epitheliale Hornhauteinlagerung bekannt, die ohne direkten Zusammenhang mit der Dauer und Dosierung der Behandlung auftritt. Dabei kommt es zu einer Anreicherung von Chloroquin in den Lysosomen der Zellen. Ziel unserer Untersuchungen war es, mikroskopische Veränderungen der Hornhaut bei Patienten infolge einer Chloroquintherapie in vivo zu erfassen. Patienten und Methode: Wir untersuchten mit dem konfokalen Spaltscanningmikroskop 16 Patienten während und 4 Patienten nach einer Chloroquintherapie. Die Patienten waren zwischen 33 und 75 Jahre alt und wurden über einen Zeitraum von 2 Monaten bis zu 10 Jahren mit Chloroquin therapiert. Ergebnisse: Bei 12 der untersuchten 20 Patienten fanden wir Hornhautveränderungen. Die Basalzellen zeigten ein inverses Reflektivitätsverhalten. Desweiteren konnten Ablagerungen in der Intermediärzellschicht nachgewiesen werden. Verdichtungen im vorderen Stroma waren einerseits vor dem Auftreten epithelialer Veränderungen, andererseits beim Vorhandensein einer Keratopathie und auch noch nach Absetzen der Therapie darstellbar. Atypisch geformte und verzweigte Nerven im vorderen Stroma konnten bei 1 Patientin unter langjähriger Chloroquintherapie gefunden werden. Schlußfolgerungen: Es waren in einigen Fällen spaltlampenmikroskopisch noch nicht sichtbare Hornhautveränderungen mit der konfokalen Mikroskopie zu erfassen. Obwohl sich aus den Untersuchungen klinisch keine Konsequenzen ergeben, können aber mikromorphologische Veränderungen dieser Arzneimittelnebenwirkung aufgezeigt und lokalisiert werden. Die Chloroquinkeratopathie ist nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen nicht auf das Epithel beschränkt, sondern kann auch das vordere Stroma und möglicherweise neurale Strukturen einbeziehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050096
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-vivo-Darstellung der Hornhautinnervation des Menschen mit Hilfe der konfokalen Mikroskopie (1997)
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 94 (1997), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter In-vivo-Hornhautmikroskopie ; Konfokale Mikroskopie ; Hornhautinnervation ; Menschliche Hornhaut ; Keratoplastik ; Key words In vivo corneal microscopy ; Confocal microscopy ; Corneal innervation ; Human cornea ; Keratoplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: To date, descriptions of the structure of corneal innervation have only been possible on the basis of histological techniques. Confocal microscopy represents a new method for the structural examination of the cornea in vivo. Through our examinations we first defined the control group and then proceeded to record the reinnervation of donor tissue after perforating keratoplasty. We used the confocal slit-scanning video-microscope Microphthal® to examine 40 corneas from 20 normal volunteers, 15 donor corneas and 5 eyes after enucleation for ocular tumors. These results were compared to our findings from postoperative checks on 14 patients after perforating keratoplasty (from 1 month to 2 years). With this system we were able to see nerves in the middle and in the superficial stroma. The course of these nerves can be followed, as well as their branching in the subepithelial plexus. Nerve fibers from superficial stromal nerves penetrate Bowman's membrane and create the basal epithelial plexus in the region of the basal epithelium. Seven months after perforating keratoplasty the first stromal nerves could be seen in the central corneal area. The first central reinnervation in the region of Bowman's membrane as well as in the basal epithelium was not detected until 15 months after operation. With confocal microscopy we have the potential to study the morphology of corneal innervation in vivo and in fresh donor tissue. For the first time it is possible to perform non-invasive morphological studies of reinnervation of the human cornea after surgical treatment.
    Notes: Aussagen über die Struktur der Hornhautinnervation waren bisher nur mit Hilfe histologischer Techniken möglich. Die konfokale Mikroskopie stellt eine neue Methode für strukturelle Untersuchungen der Hornhaut in vivo dar. Anliegen unserer Untersuchung war die Erfassung von Normalbefunden und davon ausgehend die Untersuchung der Reinnervation des Spendergewebes nach perforierender Keratoplastik. Wir verwendeten das konfokale Spalt-Scanning-Video-Mikroskop Microphthal® und untersuchten 40 Hornhäute von 20 Normalprobanden, 15 Spenderhornhäute sowie 5 wegen intraokularer Tumoren enukleierte Augen. Vergleichend wurden 14 Patienten nach perforierender Keratoplastik untersucht (1 Monat bis 2 Jahre postoperativ). Mit dem eingesetzten System gelingt bei Normalprobanden sowie an Spenderbulbi die Darstellung von Nerven in mittleren und oberflächlichen Stromaanteilen. Diese können in ihrem Verlauf sowie ihrer Verzweigung im subepithelialen Plexus verfolgt werden. Von Nerven des oberen Stromas ausgehende Äste penetrieren senkrecht oder schräg die Bowman-Membran und bilden im Bereich des basalen Epithels den basalen epithelialen Plexus. Nach perforierender Keratoplastik waren im zentralen Transplantat 7 Monate postoperativ vereinzelte stromale Nerven nachweisbar. Eine beginnende Reinnervation des basalen Epithels fand sich im zentralen Transplantatanteil 15 Monate postoperativ. Die konfokale Mikroskopie ermöglicht die Darstellung der Nerven der menschlichen Hornhaut einschließlich ihrer Aufzweigungen und Plexusbildungen in vivo ebenso wie in frischem Spendergewebe. Mit diesem Verfahren ist erstmals eine morphologische Erfassung der Reinnervation der menschlichen Hornhaut in ihrer dreidimensionalen Struktur nach chirurgischen Eingriffen möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050095
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopic determination of organic pigments (fringelites) in fossils (1994)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 117 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy ; reflectance FTIR ; fossils ; organic pigments ; fringelites ; porphyrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To screen for organic pigments, like fringelites or porphyrins, in sediments and fossil specimen, a simple diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopic determination was developed. In contrast to common inorganic pigments, like Fe2O3, these pigments exhibit well-structured characteristic absorption peaks which allow their recognition. This method was then used to identify fringelite H in a non-crinoidSolenopora species from the Jurassic. Reflectance FTIR spectroscopy proved not to be useful for this purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243010
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Essential role for collectrin in renal amino acid transport (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1088-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Angiotensin -converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a regulator of the renin angiotensin system involved in acute lung failure, cardiovascular functions and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections in mammals. A gene encoding a homologue to ACE2, termed collectrin (Tmem27), has been ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05475
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