ZIB

1

Digitale Medien

High and low temperature tolerances and their relationships to distribution of agaves (1983)

NOBEL, PARK S. ; SMITH, STANLEY D.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 6 (1983), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract. The potential influence of tissue tolerances to extreme temperatures on distributional limits was investigated for 15 taxa (14 species) of leaf-succulent agaves from the south-western United States and northern Mexico. As a group, the agaves exhibited a moderate low temperature tolerance of – 11°C (based on a 50% inhibition in the number of mesophyll cells taking up a stain, neutral red). However, nearly all of the species were able to tolerate extremely high tissue temperatures of over 60°C. Nocturnal acid accumulation by these crassulacean acid metabolism plants was about 6°C more sensitive to temperature extremes than was cellular membrane integrity.High and low temperature acclimation in response to changing day/night air temperatures was observed in all 15 taxa, with high temperature acclimation averaging two-fold greater than low temperature acclimation (3.8°C versus 2.0°C per 10°C change in ambient temperature). Species occupying the coldest habitats exhibited the greatest low temperature tolerances and acclimation; several such species, such as Agave utahensis and A. schottii, had small rosette sizes which resulted in higher minimum leaf temperatures. Species from the hottest habitats had among the greatest high temperature tolerances and acclimation; the two species from open desert scrub habitats, A. deserti and A. lecheguilla, had the lowest leaf shortwave absorptances observed, which would result in lower maximum leaf temperatures. Thus morphology and tissue tolerances to stressful temperatures reflect the temperature extremes of a plant's native habitat, although low temperature tolerance appears to limit the distribution of agaves more than high temperature tolerance.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11589339

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2

Digitale Medien

Growth characteristics of newly initiated cladodes of Opuntia ficusindica as affected by shading, drought and elevated CO2 (1993)

Luo, Yiqi ; Nobel, Park S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 87 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Biomass accumulation and area expansion of newly initiated cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica were studied to help understand the high productivity of this Crassulacean acid metabolism species. In a glasshouse, both dry weight and area increased more and more rapidly for about 30 days and then increased linearly with time up to 63 days. The relative growth rate averaged 0. 12 day-1, comparable to values for productive C3 and C4 plants. New cladodes initiated on basal cladodes with 2-fold higher initial dry weight grew twice as fast. Drought reduced biomass accumulation and area expansion of new cladodes by 62 and 52%, respectively. A 70% reduction in irradiation decreased biomass accumulation of new cladodes by 17% and their thickness by 11%. In a growth chamber containing 720 μmol Co2 (mol air)-1, biomass of newly initiated cladodes was 7% higher, area was 8% less, specific mass was 16% higher and less carbohydrate was translocated from basal cladodes than for 360 μmol Co2 mol-1. The large capacity for storage of carbohydrate and water in basal cladodes of O. ficus-indica apparently buffered environmental stresses, thereby reducing their effects on growth of daughter cladodes

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb02495.x

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3

Digitale Medien

Physiological responses of Opuntia ficus-indica to growth temperature (1984)

Nobel, Park S. ; Hartsock, Terry L.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: The influences of various day/night air temperatures on net CO2 uptake and nocturnal acid accumulation were determined for Opuntia ficus-indica, complementing previous studies on the water relations and responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for this widely cultivated cactus. As for other Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, net nocturnal CO2 uptake had a relatively low optimal temperature, ranging from 11°C for plants grown at day/night air temperatures of 10°C/0°C to 23°C at 45°C/35°C. Stomatal opening, which occurred essentially only at night and was measured by changes in water vapor conductance, progressively decreased as the measurement temperature was raised. The CO2 residual conductance, which describes chlorenchyma properties, had a temperature optimum a few degrees higher than the optimum for net CO2 uptake at all growth temperatures. Nocturnal CO2 uptake and acid accumulation summed over the whole night were maximal for growth temperatures near 25°C/15°C, CO2 uptake decreasing more rapidly than acid accumulation as the growth temperature was raised. At day/night air temperatures that led to substantial nocturnal acid accumulation (25°C/15°C.). 90% saturation of acid accumulation required a higher total daily PAR than at non-optimal growth temperatures (10°C/0°C and 35°C/25°C). Also, the optimal temperature of net CO2 uptake shifted downward when the plants were under drought conditions at all three growth temperatures tested, possibly reflecting an increased fractional importance of respiration at the higher temperatures during drought. Thus, water status, ambient PAR, and growth temperatures must all be considered when predicting the temperature response of gas exchange for O. ficus-indica and presumably for other CAM plants.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04257.x

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4

Digitale Medien

Influences of PAR, temperature and water vapor concentration on gas exchange by ferns (1984)

Nobel, Park S. ; Calkin, Howard W. ; Gibson, Arthur C.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 62 (1984), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: The effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf temperature and the leaf-to-air water vapor concentration drop on net CO2 uptake and water vapor conductance were surveyed for 14 species of ferns. Most previous studies indicated that ferns have extremely low maximal rates of net CO2 uptake, below 2 umol m−2 s−1, whereas the average maximal rate observed here at 250 C was 7 umol m−2 s−1. Net CO2 uptake reached 90% of saturation at an average PAR (400 to 700 nm) of only 240 umol m−2 s−1, consistent with the typically shaded habitats of most ferns. Maximal CO2 uptake rates were positively correlated with the PAR for 90% saturation (r2=0.59), the chlorophyII per unit leaf area (r2=0.30), the water vapor conductance (r2=0.65), and the CO2 residual conductance (r2=0.69). A higher water vapor conductance (gwv) was correlated with a greater fractional change in gwv as the leaf-to-air water vapor concentration drop (Δcwv) was raised from 5to20 g m−3 (r2=0.90). Specifically, for species with low gwv of about I mm s−1 the ratio of gwv at Δcwv= 5 g m−3 to that at Δcwv= 20 g m−3 was near 1, but it was near 2 for species with gwv of about 4 mm s−1. Such a relationship, which can prevent excessive transpiration, has apparently not previously been pointed out in surveys of other plant groups.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb02794.x

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5

Digitale Medien

Carbon and water balances for young fruits of platyopuntias (2000)

Nobel, Park S. ; De la Barrera, Erick

Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers

Physiologia plantarum 109 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Questions relating to transpired versus retained water for fruits, the xylem versus the phloem as water supplier to the fruits, and the importance of fruit photosynthesis for fruit dry mass gain were examined in the field for 6 species of platyopuntias (Nopalea cochenillifera, Opuntia ficus-indica, O. megacantha, O. robusta, O. streptacantha and O. undulata), cacti with flattened stem segments (cladodes). For plants with fruits midway between floral bud appearance and fruit maturation, transpiration was greater at night for the cladodes, as expected for Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, but greater during the daytime for the fruits of all 6 species. Nevertheless, net CO2 uptake by fruits of these platyopuntias occurred predominantly at night, as expected for CAM plants. The water potential of the young fruits (average of −0.41 MPa) was higher than that of the cladodes (average of −0.60 MPa), indicating that water entered the fruits via the phloem rather than via the xylem. Solution entry into the fruits via the phloem supplied the water lost by transpiration and allowed for increases in fruit fresh mass (daily transpiration averaged 3.2-fold higher than daily water content increases), while the accumulating solutes were apparently polymerized to account for the higher water potentials of the fruits compared with the cladodes. The phloem thus acts as the sole supplier of water and the main supplier of dry mass (90%) to such young fruits of platyopuntias.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100208.x

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6

Digitale Medien

Watering converts a CAM plant to daytime CO 2 uptake (1976)

HARTSOCK, TERRY L. ; NOBEL, PARK S.

[s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group

Nature 262 (1976), S. 574-576

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Notizen: [Auszug] We investigated the results of giving CAM plants an adequate water supply, thereby obviating the need for water conservation and show that this leads to their conversion to daytime CO2 uptake. We used Agave deserti Engelm. (Agavaceae) plants, which are common in the sandy soils of the Colorado, ...

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/262574b0

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7

Digitale Medien

Calcium Uptake, ATPase and Photophosphorylation by Chloroplasts in vitro (1967)

NOBEL, PARK S.

[s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group

Nature 214 (1967), S. 875-877

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik

Notizen: [Auszug] The uptake of calcium and the levels of ATPase and photophosphorylation have been measured simultaneously in chloroplasts and the same experimental conditions, which facilitates the comparison of various inhibitors. The terminal phosphate of ATP and the calcium may accumulate within the chloroplast ...

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/214875a0

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8

Digitale Medien

CO2 uptake and fluorescence responses for a shade-tolerant cactus Hylocereus undatus under current and doubled CO2 concentrations (1995)

Raveh, Eran ; Gersani, Mordechai ; Nobel, Park S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 93 (1995), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton and Rose growing in controlled environment chambers at 370 and 740 μmol CO2 mol−1 air showed a Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pattern of CO2 uptake, with 34% more total daily CO2 uptake under the doubled CO2 concentration and most of the increase occurring in the late afternoon. For both CO2 concentrations, 90% of the maximal daily CO2 uptake occurred at a total daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of only 10 mol m−2 day−1 and the best day/night air temperatures were 25/15°C. Enhancement of the daily net CO2 uptake by doubling the CO2 concentration was greater under the highest PPFD (30 mol m−2 day−1) and extreme day/night air temperatures (15/5 and 45/35°C). After 24 days of drought, daily CO2 uptake under 370 μmol CO2 mol−1 was 25% of that under 740 μmol CO2 mol−1. The ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fy/Fm) decreased as the PPFD was raised above 5 mol m−2 day−1, at extreme day/night temperatures and during drought, suggesting that stress occurred under these conditions. Fv/Fm was higher under the doubled CO2 concentration, indicating that the current CO2 concentration was apparently limiting for photosynthesis. Thus net CO2 uptake by the shade-tolerant H. undatus, the photosynthetic efficiency of which was greatest at low PPFDs. showed a positive response to doubling the CO2 concentration, especially under stressful environmental conditions.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb06850.x

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9

Digitale Medien

Effects of drought on water relations and nonstructural carbohydrates in cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (1991)

Nerd, Avinoam ; Nobel, Park S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 81 (1991), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Nocturnal acid accumulation, water content, osmotic pressure (π), and nonstructural carbohydrates were determined in the chlorenchyma and the water-storage parenchyma of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller for well-watered plants and those subjected to drought for 15 weeks. During the 15-week drought, total cladode water content decreased by 57%, the water-storage parenchyma losing a greater fraction of water than the chlorenchyma, which most likely helped maintain nocturnal acid accumulation in the latter tissue. Despite the preferential water loss from the water-storage parenchyma, it had a lower π than the chlorenchyma over the 15 weeks of drought, suggesting a substantial decrease in osmotically active solutes in the water-storage parenchyma. Also, the measured π increases of both tissues were much less than those predicted based on the loss of water during drought and the initial content of osmotically active solutes under well-watered conditions. A decrease in the amount of soluble sugars (glucose. fructose and sucrose) occurred in plants subjected to drought. accounting for 46% and 81% of the difference between the measured and the predicted increases in π of the chlorenchyma and the water-storage parenchyma. respectively. The decrease in soluble sugars was associated with an equivalenl increase in polysaccharides, presumably starch, in the water-storage parenchyma. but not in the chlorenchyma.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb05090.x

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10

Digitale Medien

Effects of applied NaCl on Opuntia humifusa (1988)

Silverman, F. Paul ; Young, Donald R. ; Nobel, Park S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 72 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Plant morphology in the field in Virginia, USA, and growth responses to applied NaCl in a glasshouse were determined for two populations of Opuntia humifusa (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, one from an inland site and the other from the marine strand, which differed in potential exposure to salinity. Cladode dimensions, plant height and rooting depth varied significantly between the populations. Application of NaCl in 50 mM increments up to 400 mM every 3 days for 6 weeks caused the cladodes to decrease up to 30% in thickness, the decrease being about 20% more at 50 to 150 mM NaCl for plants from the inland site than from the marine strand. Inhibition by 150 mM NaCl of the maximum rate of net CO2 uptake and of the total CO2 uptake over a 24-h period was greater for the inland population. Growth, especially of roots, was inhibited by applied NaCl, with a decrease in biomass above 200 mM NaCl for plants from the inland site and not until 400 mM for those from the marine strand. Although the root Na+ level was the same for plants from the two populations, reaching a maximum of about 8 mg (g dry weight)−1 at 200 mM NaCl, the cladode Na+ level was two-fold higher for plants from the marine strand than from the inland site. Thus, exclusion of Na+ from the cladodes is not the reason for the greater NaCl tolerance of O. humifusa from the marine strand, which is a habitat that can experience periodic episodes of high salinity.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb05843.x

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