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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 41 (1979), S. 521-537 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 668-669 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein schneller, transistorisierter Schalter für massive Muskelreizung beschrieben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Herzhypertrophie beim Kaninchen als Folge einer Pulmonal-Arterienstenose führt zu einer Abnahme der lastfreien Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit (Vmax) und der maximalen Geschwindigkeit der isometrischen Kraftentwicklung (dP/dtmax), während die isometrische Spitzenspannung unverändert und die Gipfelzeit (TPT) erhöht ist. Die entwickelte Hypothese zur Erklärung dieser Ergebnisse beinhaltet folgende Punkte: 1. verlangsamte Geschwindigkeit der Myosinquerbrückenbewegungen, wie sie in der herabgesetzten Myosin-ATPase-Aktivität zum Ausdruck kommt, und 2. Veränderungen im Bereich der elektromechanischen Kopplung, die zu Änderungen der intrazellulären Ca++-Bewegungen führen. Die Ca++- und Aktin-aktivierte Myosin-ATPase ist bei hypertrophierten Muskeln um 30% reduziert, die gesamte initiale Wärme, die spannungsabhängige Wärme und die spannungsunabhängige Wärme werden bei hypertrophierten Muskeln um 57%, 56% bzw. 61% vermindert. Die Geschwindigkeit der spannungsunabhängigen Wärmeproduktion ist bei hypertrophierten Präparaten um 66% herabgesetzt. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß 61% der Verminderung von Vmax auf die Veränderung des Myosins zu beziehen sind, während der Rest mit Änderungen der elektromechanischen Kopplung in Verbindung gebracht wird. Die gesteigerte mechanische Anstiegszeit kann auf die veränderte Geschwindigkeit des Ca-Fluxes bezogen werden, wie aus der veränderten Geschwindigkeit der spannungsunabhängigen Wärmeentwicklung hervorgeht.
    Notes: Summary Cardiac hypertrophy in the rabbit, secondary to pulmonary artery stenosis, results in a decrease in unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) and maximum rate of isometric force development (dP/dtmax), while the peak isometric twitch tension is unchanged and time to peak tension (TPT) is increased. The principle hypothesis used to expalin these results involve 1) slowing of myosin cross bridge movement as reflected in depressed myosin ATPase activity and 2) changes in excitation contraction coupling phenomena resulting in changes in intracellular Ca++ movement. Ca++ and actin activated myosin ATPase from the hypertrophied (H) muscles is depressed by 30%. Total initial heat, tension dependent heat and tension independent heat are depressed in H muscles by 57, 56, and 61% respectively. The rate of tension independent heat production in H preparations is depressed by 66%. From these data it is concluded that 61% of the depression in Vmax could be accounted for by the alteration in myosin with the reminder attributable to changes in EC coupling. Increased TPT can be accounted for by the change in rate of Ca++ flux as indicated by the alterated rate of tension independent heat evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Frequency treppeatrial septal defect ; coronary artery disease ; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ; idiopathic dilated cardio myopathy ; excitation-contraction coupling ; calcium pump ; SERCA2A ; forskolin ; protein kinase-A ; cAMP ; CaM-K
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The report is a discussion of previously published and newly analyzed results concerning the association between heart diseases and alterations in the force-frequency relation (FFR). The optimum stimulation frequency of the FFR is measured and compared in isolated left ventricular myocardium from nonfailing hearts with atrial septal defect, coronary artery disease (without and with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) and from failing hearts with mitral regurgitation, or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Specfically, we examine the role of alteredcontrol of the excitation-contraction coupling system in blunting the force-frequency relation. We use the percent slope of the FFR as a measure of changes in the frequency sensitivity of thiscontrol. Our finding of a linear, direct relation between optimum stimulation frequency and % slope across all disease types suggests both parameters are coupled to the same underlying mechanism. To investigate the possible role of alteredcontrol of the calcium pump in this mechanism, we analyzed the detailed relation between isometric twitch relaxation kinetics and stimulation frequency in mitral regurgitation myocardium (MR). In the presence of 0.5 μM forskolin the depressed slope and optimum frequency of the FFR and the prolonged half-time of twitch relaxation were all restored to values found in non-failing myocardium. We use the kinetics of isometric twitch relaxation as an index of changes in pumping rate that occur in response to changes in stimulation frequency or in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration. A mathematical model based on the Hill relations for calcium pump uptake rate and for isometric tension as a function of intracellular pCa is developed to simulate isometric twitch relaxation in MR and non-failing myocardium. The success of this model in simulating non-failing and failing twitch relaxation supports a proposed mechanism for the prolonged relaxation time and depressed FFR in MR involving depressed protein kinase-A activity (due to lowered cAMP or to a defect in the Ser16 site of phospholamban) as a mechanism of alteredcontrol of the calcium pump in MR heart disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; butanedione monoxime ; heat production ; aequorin luminescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At low concentrations (up to 5 mM) the compound 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) was found to reduce twitch tension and initial heat production in isolated papillary muscles without significantly affecting the size of the intracellular Ca transient measured with aequorin luminescence. Higher concentrations of BDM caused further inhibition of twitch tension and heat production with a fall in the size of the Ca+ transient. The size of the aequorin transient was 50% of the control value at 15 mM BDM while twitch tension was negligible. These results suggest that BDM selectively inhibits Ca2+ activated force in cardiac muscle at low concentrations with additional effects on intracellular calcium at concentrations above 5 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differences in the mechanical properties of mammalian smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle have led to the proposal that the myosin isozymes expressed by these tissues may differ in their molecular mechanics. To test this hypothesis, mixtures of fast skeletal, V1 cardiac, V3 cardiac and smooth muscle (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated) myosin were studied in an in vitro motility assay in which fluorescently-labelled actin filaments are observed moving over a myosin coated surface. Pure populations of each myosin produced actin filament velocities proportional to their actin-activated ATPase rates. Mixtures of two myosin species produced actin filament velocities between those of the faster and slower myosin alone. However, the shapes of the myosin mixture curves depended upon the types of myosins present. Analysis of myosin mixtures data suggest that: (1) the two myosins in the mixture interact mechanically and (2) the same force-velocity relationship describes a myosin's ability to operate over both positive and negative forces. These data also allow us to rank order the myosins by their average force per cross-bridge and ability to resist motion (phosphorylated smooth 〉 skeletal = V3 cardiac 〉 V1 cardiac). The results of our study may reflect the mechanical consequence of multiple myosin isozyme expression in a single muscle cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 75 (1980), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Herzvergrößerung beim Kaninchen als Folge von L-Thyroxin-Injektionen (täglich 0,2 mg/kg über 14 Tage) führt zu einer Steigerung der aktinaktivierten Myosin-ATPase, der Verkürzungsgeschwindigkeit bei Nullast und der Geschwindigkeit der isometrischen Spannungsentwicklung. Durch Temperaturmessungen an rechtsventrikulären, isometrisch schlagenden Papillarmuskeln solcher Herzen wird der Beitrag des veränderten Myosins zum kontraktilen Wirkungsgrad bestimmt. Die spannungsabhängige Wärme pro Spannungseinheit ergibt sich aus schnellen myothermalen Messungen der Initialwärme, der spannungsunabhängigen Wärme und der isometrischen Kraft. Auf der Grundlage der spannungsabhängigen Wärme wird die Querbrückenkinetikin vivo bestimmt und untersucht, inwieweit Änderungen der Querbrückenkinetik zum Wirkungsgrad der Spannungsentwicklung beitragen. Im thyreotoxischen Herzen beträgt die maximal entwickelte Spannung 72% gegenüber den Kontrollen, während die spannungsabhängige Wärme pro Spannungseinheit 175% ausmacht. DieseIn-vivo-Messungen stimmen mit Änderungen derin vitro gemessenen aktinaktivierten Myosin-ATPase überein. Eine Analyse dieser Daten anhand eines Modells, welches aus der Analyse von schneller Enzymkinetik und mechanischer Transienten entwickelt wurde, ergibt, daß der Querbrückenzyklus des thyreotoxisch-hypertrophierten Myosins im Vergleich zum normalen Myosin schneller abläuft und die Querbrücke für kürzere Zeit an das Aktin angeheftet ist. Diese Änderung des Zyklusablaufs könnte die Grundlage für eine inverse Beziehung zwischen der Myosin-ATPase-Aktivität und dem Wirkungsgrad der Spannungsentwicklung bilden.
    Notes: Summary Enlargement of the heart secondary to 14 daily injections of L-thyroxine (0.2 mg/kg) in the male albino rabbit results in an increase in actin-activated myosin ATPase, velocity of unloaded shortening and rate of isometric tension development. The contribution of the altered myosin to contractile efficiency is assessed by making temperature measurements on right ventricular papillary muscles from these hearts during isometric contraction. Measurement of tension dependent heat per unit of tension is derived from rapid myothermal measurements of initial heat, tension independent heat and isometric force. The tension dependent heat measurement is used to evaluate the crossbridge cyclingin vivo and the contribution of the changes in the pattern of crossbridge cycling to the efficiency of tension development. In the thyrotoxic heart the peak twitch tension is 72% of normal while the tension dependent heat per unit tension is 175% of normal. Thisin vivo measurement correlates well with changes inin vitro actin-activated myosin ATPase measurements. Analysis of the data in terms of a model derived from rapid enzyme kinetics and mechanical transient analysis indicates that crossbridges from the thyrotoxic hypertrophy myosin cycle faster and stay attached to actin for a shorter period of time than normal myosin. This alteration in cycling pattern may be the basis for the inverse relationship between myosin ATPase activity and the efficiency of tension development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: myothermal economy ; cross-bridge cycling ; hypothyroidism ; pressure-overload hypertrophy ; myosin isocnzymes ; cardiac energetics ; cardiac adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy and hypothyroidism were shown to be associated with a decreased maximum shortening velocity of the myocardium. To investigate the nature of these intrinsic myocardial changes, we studied the energetic consequences in left ventricular papillary muscles of the rat by using standard HILL planar vacuum-deposited antimony-bismuth thermopiles. To evaluate the economy of isometric force generation and maintenance, we analyzed the ratio of liberated heat and developed tension or developed tension-time integral in twitches and experimentally induced tetanic contractions. Hypothyroidism was induced by treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU), and hypertension by operative narrowing of the left renal artery of rats according to Goldblatt (GOP). In the myocardium of hypothyroid as well as hypertensive rats, initial heat per peak twitch tension and total activity-related heat per tension-time integral were significantly reduced compared to controls. In tetanic contractions, total activity-related heat per tension-time integral was also decreased in PTU and GOP myocardium when compared to controls. Thus, the economy of force generation and maintenance is improved in the myocardium of the experimental animals. The data is interpreted in terms of altered cross-bridge cycling rates which are shown to be associated with changes in the myosin isoenzyme pattern. The intrinsic changes of the myocardium due to pressure-overload hypertrophy and hypothyroidism are considered to be adaptive rather than pathologic reactions of the myocardium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 148 (1977), S. 513-525 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to seek ultrastructural changes in the thyroid gland of the spontaneously hypertensive rat which would contribute to the understanding of previously reported abnormalities in thyroid function. Light and electron microscopic observations and measurements of plasma T3 and systolic blood pressure were recorded from a colony of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The systolic blood pressure of SHR was significantly higher than that of WKY but the plasma T3 levels of the two groups did not differ significantly. After administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), serum T3 levels and systolic pressure of both groups decreased. The size of the thyroid follicles in SHR was highly variable throughout the gland, and the colloid contained unevenly dense areas and cell debris. The follicular cells contained slightly dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous pleomorphic bodies of uneven density. After treatment with PTU, the vessels between the follicles of SHR did not become as dilated as those in WKY but the fine structure of follicular cells in SHR was similar to that of WKY and was characteristic of the typical thyroid response to PTU administration. We suggest that the thyroid in SHR does not respond adequately to the elevated TSH levels reported to be present in these animals, although it can respond to the highly elevated TSH levels which occur with PTU administration. This impairment most probably involves defects in synthesis and/or secretion of thyroid hormones in response to TSH stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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