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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of glutamic acid in a vertical rotating immobilized cell reactor of the bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 47 (1994), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: Corynebacterium glutamicum ; Glutamic acid ; bioreactor ; immobilized cells ; polyurethane foams
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90108-2
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative study of d-xylose conversion to ethanol by immobilized growing or non-growing cells of the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (1988)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 27 (1988), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The direct conversion of d-xylose to ethanol was investigated using immobilized growing and non-growing cells of the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Both preparations produced ethanol from d-xylose, however the d-xylose conversion to ethanol was much better with immobilized growing cells. Ethanol concentration up to 22.9 g/l and ethanol yield of 0.351 g/g of d-xylose were obtained in batch fermentation by immobilized growing cells whereas only 17.0 g/l and 0.308 g/g of d-xylose were obtained by immobilized non-growing cells. With continuous systems, immobilized growing cells were necessary for the long-term operation, since a steady state ethanol concentration of 17.7 g/l was maintained for only one week by immobilized non-growing cell reactor. With simultaneous control of aeration rate and concentrations of nitrogen sources in feed medium, immobilized growing cells of P. tannophilus showed excellent performance. At a residence time of 25 h, the immobilized cell reactor produced 26.9 g/l of ethanol from 65 g/l of d-xylose in feed medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251762
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct alcoholic fermentation of starchy biomass using amylolytic yeast strains in batch and immobilized cell systems (1985)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1985), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Direct alcoholic fermentation of dextrin or soluble starch with selected amylolytic yeasts was studied in both batch and immobilized cell systems. In batch fermentations, Saccharomyces diastaticus was capable of fermenting high dextrin concentrations much more efficiently than Schwanniomyces castellii. From 200 g·l−1 of dextrin S. diastaticus produced 77 g·l−1 of ethanol (75% conversion efficiency). The conversion efficiency decreased to 59% but a higher final ethanol concentration of 120 g·l−1 was obtained with a medium containing 400 g·l−1 of dextrin. With a mixed culture of S. diastaticus and Schw. castellii 136 g·l−1 of ethanol was produced from 400 g·l−1 of dextrin (67% conversion efficiency). S. diastaticus cells attached well to polyurethane foam cubes and a S. diastaticus immobilized cell reactor produced 69 g·l−1 of ethanol from 200 g·l−1 of dextrin, corresponding to an ethanol productivity of 7.6g·l−1·h−1. The effluent from a two-stage immobilized cell reactor with S. diastaticus and Endomycopsis fibuligera contained 70 g·l−1 and 80 g·l−1 of ethanol using initial dextrin concentrations of 200 and 250 g·l−1 respectively. The corresponding values for ethanol productivity were 12.7 and 9.6 g·l−1·h−1. The productivity of the immobilized cell systems was higher than for the batch systems, but much lower than for glucose fermentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252023
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of in addition on some physical properties of the As2Se3 amorphous system (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 72.20 ; 61.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of In content on do electrical conductivity and DTA of the system (As2Se3)1-x. Inx, x=0, 0.01, 0.05, has been studied. The electrical energy gap was found to increase for an In content 0.01% and decrease for an In content 0.05%. The samples exhibit the three conduction mechanisms proposed by Mott and Davis. The activation energy was calculated for each mechanism. The effect of heating rate on the transition temperatures (T g,T c,T m) was studied and the variation of the crystallization-peak position was used to calculate the activation energy and the order of the crystallization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538251
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of metabolic inhibitors on the alcoholic fermentation by several yeasts in batch or in immobilized cell systems (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In previous papers it was shown that the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis might be an interesting alternative for industrial alcohol production from sugar, compared to Saccharomyces bayanus. Factors that might increase the glucose to ethanol conversion efficiency and which are in favour of the bacterium, are the production of less biomass and less by-products such as glycerol, succinic acid, butanediol, acetoin, and acetic acid. In order to reduce the synthesis of biomass three metabolic inhibitors were now studied: dinitrophenol, azide and arsenate. Their effects on the alcoholic fermentation in batch and in immobilized cell system were investigated, using three yeasts: Saccharomyces bayanus, Schizosacharomyces pombe, and Saccharomyces diastaticus. It was found that dinitrophenol in 0.1 mM concentration was effective in increasing the conversion of glucose to ethanol especially with Saccharomyces bayanus while azide in 0.1 mM concentration was better with Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In immobilized systems high steady state ethanol production from 15% glucose media was obtained by inclusion into the media of dinitrophenol or azide. Arsenate had less effect at the concentration used. Arsenate had less effect at the concentrations used. As a result ethanol productivity in g·l-1·h-1 was increased from around 70 in the absence of inhibitor to around 74 in the presence of dinitrophenol with Saccharomyces bayanus. With Schizosaccharomyces pombe the productivity was increased from around 65 in the absence of inhibitor to around 74 in the presence of azide. The specific ethanol productivity expressed as g ethanol formed per hour and per g viable cells was increased from 0.87 to 1.37 for Schizosaccharomyces pombe and from 1.02 to 1.66 for Saccharomyces bayanus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302447
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative study of ethanol production by immobilized-cell systems using Zymomonas mobilis or Saccharomyces bayanus (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of ethanol using immobilized cells of Saccharomyces bayanus was compared with a system of immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis. In batch culture both organisms produced between 1.8 and 1.9 moles of ethanol per mole of glucose but the biomass formed by the bacteria was about half that formed by the yeast. With immobilized cells Zymomonas showed a much higher productivity than Saccharomyces. With a feed rate to the immobilized-cell reactor of 120 ml·h−1 (21 g of glucose·h−1) the bacterium produced 9.96 g of ethanol while the yeast only formed 4.8 g·h−1. With the bacterium no residual sugar was present in the reactor effluent at high feeding rates. With the yeast the amount of residual sugar in the effluent increased with the feeding rate. It is concluded that Zymomonas may offer better perspectives for ethanol production than the classical yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of by-products formed during the ethanolic fermentation, using batch and immobilized cell systems of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces bayanus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Recent research has indicated that the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis might be an interesting alternative for the production of ethanol from sugar, when compared to Saccharomyces. Especially in immobilized cell systems the bacterium showed a higher productivity. One of the factors affecting productivity might be a lower efficiency of glucose to ethanol conversion. Therefore the amounts and the nature of the by-products of the ethanolic yeast and bacterial fermentations were studied using batch systems and immobilized cell systems. Glycerol, succinate, acetate, lactate, acetoin, and butanediol syntheses were studied. It was found that Zymomonas produced fewer by-products than Saccharomyces and that the by-product profile was different. Glycerol was a characteristic yeast product while lactate was typical for the bacterium. There results were verified for the batch systems as well as for the immobilized systems. Mixed cultures of yeast and bacterium resulted in the highest productivity using immobilized systems. The system using small stones coated with agar and gelatin was proved to be superior to a previous system using carrageenan gel beads. The higher productivity shown by the bacterium cannot be explained, however, only by the shifting of less sugar to by-product synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508121
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of 5′-benzoyl-2′-hydroxychalcones and related flavonoid compounds (1960)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 9 (1960), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary 5′ -Benzoyl-2′ -hydroxychalcones were synthesized by the condensation of 5′ -benzoyl-2′ -hydroxyacetophenone with aromatic aldehydes in presence of an ethanolic solution of potassium hydroxide. Derivatives of 6-benzoylflavonoids were prepared from chalcones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00942897
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    By-products formed during direct conversion of sugar beets to ethanol byZymomonas mobilis in conventional submerged and solid-state fermentations (1992)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 14 (1992), S. 1187-1192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The nature and amounts of by-products formed during conversion of sugar beets to ethanol byZ. mobilis in Conventional Submerged Fermentation (CSF) and Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) were investigated. It was found that the bacterium produced fewer by-products in SSF than CSF, and that by-products profile was different. The influence of fermentation temperature on synthesis of by-products in SSF was also studied. High fermentation temperature favoured sorbitol synthesis and low fermentation temperature the synthesis of levan. The best results were obtained at 35°C. An ethanol yield of up to 95% of the theoretical value with final ethanol concentration of 142 g/L were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027026
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical Rotating Immobilized Cell Reactor of the bacteriumZymomonas mobilis for stable long-term continuous ethanol production (1989)
    Springer
    Biotechnology techniques 3 (1989), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6784
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Vertical Rotating Immobilized Cell Reactor was designed and built for glucose conversion into ethanol. Immobilized biomass units withZ. mobilis cells attached into polyurethane foam discs were fixed along a rotating shaft inside the bioreactor. The effect of rotation speed on the concentration of immobilized biomass was studied. Stability of the bioreactor over long-term operation was dependent on the concentration of the immobilized biomass. With fermentation carried out at 6 rpm a constant active immobilized cell concentration of only 34.5 g/l was maintained and used to convert up to 140 g glucose/l into more than 70 g ethanol/l with a volumetric ethanol productivity of 63 g/l/h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875560
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