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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 63 (1968), S. 214-223 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Investigations into the properties of 6-PG dehydrogenase in cell free extracts of Escherichia coli revealed a pH optimum at pH 9.5 with a sharp decline on both sides of the optimum. The addition of 1.0×10-2 m MgCl2 produced maximal activity, whereas higher concentrations caused inhibition. The K m values were 2.5×10-4 m for 6-phosphogluconate and 2.5×10-5 m for NADP+ as substrate. The enzyme was extremely stable for at least 5 hours if stored at 4°C in Tris−NaCl−MgCl2 buffer at pH 7.5. 6-PG dehydrogenase activity was shown to be proportional to cell free extract concentration over the range 0–0.3 mg protein. An assay method based on the new optimal conditions has been established and has been shown to be 33% more sensitive than a number of commonly used methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 63 (1968), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cell free extracts o Zymomonas mobilis showed marked differences when compared with the corresponding enzyme of Escherichia coli. It exhibited 3 times higher activity and the reaction rate over 10 min gave linearity only up to a cell free protein concentration of 0.15 mg protein. This different behaviour was not a function of environmental growth conditions of the culture nor of the nine different assay methods employed. A constant relationship existed between the specific G-6-P dehydrogenase protein and the total protein concentration in the cell free extract. The enzyme was stable for at least 5 h at 4°C in Tris-NaCl-MgCl2-buffer. An investigation of the properties of G-6-P dehydrogenase from Z. mobilis revealed a pH optimum of 8.7 with a rapid decline towards the acidic and a small decrease towards the alkaline side. The K m values were 5×10-4 m for glucose-6-phosphate and 3.6×10-5 m NADP+. The addition of 1×10-2 m MgCl2 produced optimal activity but higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme reaction. These results were discussed with those from other sources and found to be unique for Zymomonas mobilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 481-482 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Capsule ; freeze-substitution ; sucrose ; Zymomonas mobilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A capsule formed around Zymomonas mobilis grown on sucrose, increasing in thickness with higher initial sucrose concentrations. Cryofixation and freeze-substitution electron microscopy techniques preserved this polymer matrix, unlike other techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 366-371 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Alginate ; freeze-substitution ; immobilization ; Zymomonas mobilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Alginate-immobilized Zymomonas mobilis cells produced 17.8% (v/v) ethanol in less than 24 h, with an ethanol yield of 97%, compared with 88% for free cells, using a fed-batch cultivation technique. The substrate, glucose, was added intermittently in powder form to foster nucleation of the CO2 formed. Repeated-batch cultivation led to complete utilization of approximately 200 g glucose/l in 7.5 h with a 98% conversion efficiency to ethanol. Free cells used the glucose less efficiently (conversion efficiency of 78%), and even after 100 h the glucose was not fully consumed. Freeze-substitution electron microscopy studies showed that immobilized cells generally displayed lesser blebbing and membrane disruption than free cells. These studies further suggest that membrane blebbing may be due to an effect of high initial glucose levels, and not due to the accumulation of end-products ethanol and CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1989), S. 391-410 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusions The two socio-ecological concepts described will work, of course, also with other microorganisms.Zymomonas mobilis can be replaced by yeast,Rhizopus could be replaced byAspergillus. However, both microorganisms which are presently used can produce by-products that are unsafe for human or animal consumption. It is therefore a microbiological challenge to find further microorganisms to expand the product formation. It should also be realized that the largest renewable resource, cellulose, has not been mentioned in the context of either concept. It is well known that cellulose must eventually be included if research and development can find ways and means to separate lignin from cellulose and convert cellulose to glucose in a similar and as easy a manner as starch (Doelle 1984). In order to be successful, fermentation processes have to be fast and efficient with a low energy input (Doelle 1986a, b; Doelle & Jones 1986). This excludes the traditional microbiological sterilization of substrates, excessive substrate or product inhibitions in any of these processes. A further omission of socio-ecological concepts lies in the fermented food production. It is encouraging to see the realization that fermented foods are mixedculture processes and that it is time to start detailed and extensive investigations into the functioning of such cultures (Doelle 1985; Steinkraus 1987; Okagbu 1988; Odunfa 1988). It is the suggestion of the author to encourage a review on mixed culture with particular emphasis on fermented food production and its waste disposal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1989), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La température d'incubation, la taille de l'inoculum, le pH initial et le contrôle du pH jouent un rôle majeur dans la conversion de l'amidon de manioc en glucose parRhizopus oligosporus. On obtient la production maximum de glucose après 45–48 h de fermentation à 45°C, avec un contrôle de pH à 4.0, 5% d'amidon de manioc, une vitesse d'agitation de 300 tpm et une vitesse d'aération de 85 ml/min. Dans ces conditions, l'hydrolyse de l'amidon atteint 99.4% avec une efficacité de conversion de l'amidon en glucose de 91.6% et un rendement final de 35.2 g de glucose par litre pour un rendement en biomasse de 2.8 g seulement par 100 g d'amidon de manioc.
    Notes: Summary Incubation temperature, inoculum size, initial pH and pH control play a major role in cassava starch to glucose conversion byRhizopus oligosporus. Maximal glucose production was obtained after 45 to 48 h fermentation at 45°C, pH control at 4.0, 5% cassava starch, agitation rate of 300 rev./min. and aeration rate of 85 ml/min. Under these conditions, starch hydrolysis was 99.4% with a starch-to-glucose conversion efficiency of 91.6% and a final yield of 35.2 g/l glucose with a biomass yield of only 2.8 g/100 g cassava starch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1988), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a fait croîtreRhizopus oligosporus UQM 145 F sur un milieu à base d'amidon de manioc sans traitement préalable de l'amidon. Le profil de fermentation parR. oligosporus apparaît être influencé de manière significative par la composition du milieu, le pH de la culture en croissance et la taille de l'inoculum de spores. En variant les concentrations en carbone, en azote et en sels minéraux, on remarque la prédominance tantôt de la protéine unicellulaire, tantôt de l'accumulation de glucose. Un accroissement en concentration conduit à des valeurs plus élevées de la biomasse mais en une moindre production de protéines. Ces observations ont abouti à une nouvelle formulation du milieu avec pour résultat une utilisation à 82.9% de l'amidon de manioc et un rendement vrai en protéines de 5.32 g/100 g de substrat initial. La réponse deR. oligosporus aux composés inorganiques comme le sulfate d'ammonium, l'uréi, le chlorure de sodium et le sulfate de magnésium sont indicateurs d'un système très intéressant de contrôle de la fermentation.
    Abstract: Resumen Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145F se hizo crecer en un medio a base de almidón de casava sin que hubiera pasado por un tratamiento previo con almidón. Se demostró que el patrón de fermentación seguido porRh.oligosporus estaba significativamente influenciado por: la composición del medio, su pH y el tamaño del inóculo. Al variar las concentraciones de carbono, nitrógeno y sales minerales se observó que predominaba la acumulación de glucosa o bien la producción de proteínas unicelulares. Un incremento en la fuente de carbono aumentó la biomasa pero disminuyó el ritmo de producción de proteínas. Estas observaciones permitieron elaborar un nuevo medio de cultivo que resultó en la utilización del 82.9% del almidón de casava con un rendimiento en proteínas de 5.32 g/100 g de sustrato inicial. La respuesta deRh. oligosporus a compuestos inorgánicos como sulfato amónico, urea, cloruro sódico y sulfato magnésico indican la existencia de un sistema de control de la fermentación muy interesante.
    Notes: Summary Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145F was grown on cassava starch medium without a preliminary treatment of starch. The fermentation pattern ofR. oligosporus is shown to be influenced significantly by the medium composition, pH of the growth culture and the size of the spore inoculum. By varying the carbon, nitrogen and mineral salt concentrations, it was found that either glucose accumulated due to excess hydrolysis of starch or single cell protein production became dominant. In the case of the carbon source, increases in the concentration of starch led to higher biomass values, but lower rates of protein production. These observations led to a new formulated medium, resulting in an 82.9% cassava starch utilization and a true protein yield of 5.32 g/100 g initial substrate. The response ofR. oligosporus to inorganic compounds such as (NH4)2SO4, urea, NaCl and MgSO4 indicates an interesting fermentation control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1990), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The growth ofRhizopus oligosporus on a model solid substrate consisting of cassava starch and other nutrients embedded in a kappa-carrageenan matrix was followed microscoplcally. There were two distinct growth phases: (1) germination of spores and development of mycellum to form a loose network over the whole substrate surface; (2) increase in the density of the mycellum. Although some penetrative hyphae were produced, the biomass was malnly restricted to the surface. Consequently, starch utilization was greatest near the surface. Based on these observations a descriptive model for the growth ofRhizopus ollgosporus on the model substrate was proposed. The five steps are: (1) release of glucoamylase by the mycelium; (2) diffusion of the glucoamylase to the starch; (3) hydrolysis of the starch by the glucoamylase, releasing glucose; (4) diffusion of glucose; (5) absorption of glucose by the mycellum at the surface to produce new blomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 419-427 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Protein enrichment of sago starch of three different diameters was investigated both in flask culture and under forced aeration in a packed-bed fermenter using two strains of Rhizopus. Protein production by R. oligosporus UQM 145F was superior to Rhizopus sp. UQM 186F in the flask culture without aeration, with both preferring larger diameter (3 to 4 mm) spherical sago-beads. In the packed-bed fermenter with forced aeration, Rhizopus sp. UQM 186F led to more rapid protein production compared to R. ollgosporus UQM 145F and produced equivalent final yields (about 10% protein on a dry wt basis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1996), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Clean technology ; developing countries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract All technological developments are aimed at improving the quality of life of a community of people. Biotechnology is a technology which allows the exploitation of microorganisms, plants and animal cells to take place within an economic framework. Developing countries are looking for programmes achieving sustainable, economical growth conducive to a higher per capita income of the community. Any joint venture which promises social advances and economic benefits will have to be rural-based. This presentation discusses the need for a change in fermentation industry attitudes to allow joint venture capital investment in clean technologies together with the problems developing countries face for the implementation of such technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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