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Cerebellar injury due to phenytoin. Identification and evolution of Purkinje cell axonal swellings in deep cerebellar nuclei of mice (1989)

Kiefer, R. ; Knoth, R. ; Anagnostopoulos, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 289-298

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ISSN: 1432-0533

Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; Axon ; Phenytoin ; Mouse

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary The present study describes the identification and the ultrastructural and numerical evolution of Purkinje cell axonal swellings induced by phenytion. Thirty male C57BI/6J mice received phenytion orally in doses up to 100 mg/kg daily and were killed after 3, 6, 10, 14, and 48 days of treatment. Light and electron microscopic investigations as well as morphometric analysis of cut surface area and numerical density of axonal swellings were performed. The swellings appeared as early as 6 days after initiation of treatment and gradually increased in size and frequency. Use of an anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibody (CD 3), specifically cross-reacting with Purkinje cells, identified the swellings as dystrophic Purkinje cell axons. On grounds of their ultrastructural appearance they were classified into three distinct types occurring at different time intervals after phenytoin exposure. At 6 days, most axonal swellings contained loosely aggregated membranous vesicles and tubules in a finely granulated matrix (type 1). At 14 days, larger axonal swellings appeared characterized by the presence of three-dimensional networks of branched and anastomosing membranous tubules (type 2). At 48 days, even larger axons contained bodies of highly condensed membranous material of sometimes paracrystalline appearance (type 3). It is suggested that phenytoin-induced axonal pathology of Purkinje cells is a dynamic process characterized by the progressive accumulation of proliferating membranous material arranged in an increasingly complex fashion.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687581

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Influence of particle diameter distribution on the downstream particle turbulence in a two-phase, turbulent, round jet (1993)

Sargianos, N. P. ; Anagnostopoulos, J. S. ; Bergeles, G.

Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 16 (1993), S. 287-301

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ISSN: 0271-2091

Keywords: ‘Fan-spreading’ ; Particle turbulence ; Two-phase flow ; Turbulent jet ; Particle-laden jet ; Numerical study ; Engineering ; Engineering General

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: A numerical algorithm is used to study the ‘fan-spreading’ mechanism of axial particle turbulence acquisition and the effects on it of the inlet particle diameter distribution, downstream of a particle-laden, turbulent, round jet. The algorithm is based on the particle-source-in-cell numerical technique for two-phase flows. Eulerian equations are used for the description of the gas-phase dynamics, whilst the solid particles are treated within the Lagrangian framework. The turbulent particle dispersion is simulated with the aid of the stochastic separated flow model. It was found that the ‘fan-spreading’ turbulence is very much affected by the mean and standard deviation of the particle size distribution; in particular, it was found that the ‘fan-spreading’ mechanism becomes weaker when the standard deviation of the particle diameter distribution is higher and the mean particle diameter smaller. An analytical expression describing the axial particle turbulence due to ‘fan-spreading’ is proposed and tested, along with a similarity profile valid for the particles of bigger size.

Additional Material: 12 Ill.