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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR): a simple and valid assessment method in population studies (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: No validated assessment of allergic rhinitis (AR) is presently available that can be used in population studies in the absence of medical diagnosis and of objective measurements of allergy. To compensate for this lack, a quantitative Score For Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) ranging between 0 and 16 has been developed by experts. Methods: The SFAR, encompassing eight features of AR, was validated in three different ways: 1) among 269 outpatients taking the specialist's diagnosis of AR and skin prick tests (SPT) positivity as a gold standard (diagnosis validation); 2) using psychometric methods (internal validation); and 3) in a random population-based sample of 3001 individuals by telephone interview (population acceptability). Results: A SFAR value ≥ 7 allowed satisfactory discrimination between the outpatients with AR from those without (sensitivity = 74% [95% confidence interval CI: 0.69,0.79], specificity = 83% [0.79, 0.87], positive predictive value = 84% [0.80, 0.88], negative predictive value = 74% [0.69, 0.79] and Youden's index = 0.57, respectively). Internal consistency of the score was also high (among others, Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.79). On average, it took only 3 min for the individuals interviewed on the phone to complete the questionnaire, the questions of which were well understood. Among these subjects, the prevalence of AR was 21% [95% CI: 19.5%, 22.5%], which is comparable to other determinations in France. Conclusions: The newly a priori proposed Score For Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) is easy to use and can be useful to estimate prevalence and to study causation of AR in population settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.1o3170.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term exposure to background air pollution related to respiratory and allergic health in schoolchildren (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The impact of air pollution on asthma and allergies still remains a debate.Objective Our cross-sectional study was intended to analyse the associations between long-term exposure to background air pollution and atopic and respiratory outcomes in a large population-based sample of schoolchildren.Methods Six thousand six hundred and seventy-two children aged 9–11 years recruited from 108 randomly schools in six French cities underwent a clinical examination including a skin prick test (SPT) to common allergens, exercise-induced bronchial reactivity (EIB) and skin examination for flexural dermatitis. The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis was assessed by a standardized health questionnaire completed by the parents. Three-year-averaged concentrations of air pollutants (NO2, SO2, PM10 and O3) were calculated at children' schools using measurements of background monitoring stations.Results After adjusting for confounders, EIB, lifetime asthma and lifetime AR were found to be positively related to an increase in the exposure to SO2, PM10 and O3. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) per increase of 5 μg/m3 of SO2 was 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.15–1.66) for EIB and 1.19 (1.00–1.41) for lifetime asthma. The aOR for lifetime AR per increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM10 was 1.32 (CI=1.04–1.68). Moreover, SPT positivity was associated with O3 (aOR=1.34; CI=1.24–1.46). Associations with past year symptoms were consistent, even if not always statistically significant. Results persisted in long-term resident (current address for at least 8 years) children. However, no consistent positive association was found with NO2.Conclusions A moderate increase in long-term exposure to background ambient air pollution was associated with an increased prevalence of respiratory and atopic indicators in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02336.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased prevalence of asthma and allied diseases among active adolescent tobacco smokers after controlling for passive smoking exposure. A cause for concern? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Whereas effects on allergic and respiratory health have been established for passive tobacco smoking, contradictory results still exist for active tobacco smoking.Objective Whether adolescents with asthma and allied diseases have higher rates of active smoking compared with adolescents without asthma was assessed after controlling for environmental tobacco smoking exposure.Methods A population-based sample of 14 578 adolescents was enrolled in an epidemiological survey on allergies in France.Results After controlling for age, sex, geographic region, familial allergy and passive smoking, current (in the past year) wheezing (12.4%), current asthma (5.6%), lifetime asthma (12.3%), current rhinoconjunctivitis (13.9%), lifetime hayfever (14.4%) and current eczema (9.3%) but not lifetime eczema (22.5%) were all significantly related to active smoking (〉1 cigarette/day) (9.3%). A higher risk of current wheezing, current and lifetime asthma or current eczema was seen in smokers exposed to passive smoking compared with smokers not exposed to it using a polychotomous logistic regression model, in which the different modalities of exposure to active and passive smoking constituted the response variable. Passive smoking was significantly associated only with current diseases. Active smoking was also highly related to both severe asthma (OR=4.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 11.79) and severe rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.95; 1.58, 5.49). The highest rate of adolescents suffering from the co-morbidity of lifetime asthma and hayfever (3.6%) was also seen in active smokers compared with passive and non-smokers (5.5% vs. 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively; P=0.001).Conclusions Being asthmatic or allergic does not seem to act as a deterrent towards starting active smoking or continuing to smoke in adolescence. Results suggest the need for considering individual allergic status in programming health educational activities aimed at reducing smoking among adolescents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02002.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrelationships among asthma, atopy, rhinitis and exhaled nitric oxide in a population-based sample of children (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) has attracted increasing interest as a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma. However, little evidence exists on the influences exerted on eNO by the interrelations among atopic status, asthma and rhinitis.Methods Among the 1156 children who participated in a large-scale epidemiological survey on asthma and allergies (ISAAC II: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase II) in the city of Clermont-Ferrand, 53 asthmatics without corticosteroid treatment and 96 non-asthmatics were invited to perform eNO and skin prick tests (SPTs) to 12 common allergens.Results Atopic asthmatic children had higher eNO than non-atopic asthmatic children (28.9±9.1 vs. 17.1±13.1 p.p.b.; P=0.0004) with a significant increase when one SPT or more are positive (26.5±7.8 vs. 17.1±13.1 p.p.b.; P=0.03). Similarly, non-asthmatic, atopic subjects had higher eNO than non-atopic subjects with a significant increase when two SPTs or more are positive (19.4±9.8 vs. 11.7 ±6.7 p.p.b.; P=0.003). In the case of equal levels of positive SPTs (0, 1, 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:09547894:CEA1800:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉2), asthmatic children always had higher eNO than non-asthmatic ones. Furthermore, among non-asthmatic children, the eNO level increased only in atopics who had rhinitis (20.7±13 vs. 12.5±6.4 p.p.b. in atopic controls (subjects without rhinitis and asthma) and 12.3±6.6 p.p.b. in non-atopic controls; P=0.001), whereas among asthmatic children, eNO level increased in atopics independently of rhinitis (28.2±9.5 p.p.b. in those with rhinitis and 30.9±8.1 p.p.b. in those without) as well as in non-atopics with rhinitis (22.5±17.2 p.p.b.).Conclusions Our data suggest that besides atopy and asthma, allergic rhinitis should also be taken into account in the assessment of eNO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01800.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis: DREAMS study group (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background In the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification, intermittent and persistent rhinitis were proposed to replace seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis (AR).Aim To better understand the ARIA classification of rhinitis.Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 591 patients consulting ENT or allergy specialists for AR and 502 control subjects. The diagnosis of AR was based on a score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR) 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:09547894:CEA2274:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉7. Patients were classified according to the four ARIA classes (mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate/severe intermittent and moderate/severe persistent). Allergen sensitization (skin prick tests (SPTs) or specific IgE) and co-morbidities were examined according to the ARIA classes.Results Ten percent of patients had mild intermittent rhinitis, 14% mild persistent rhinitis, 17% moderate/severe intermittent rhinitis and 59% moderate/severe persistent rhinitis. Most patients with intermittent rhinitis had a pollen sensitivity, but 5% had a single house dust mite (HDM) sensitization. Over 50% of patients with persistent rhinitis were allergic to pollens or HDM. Asthma was present in 24% of rhinitis patients and in only 2% of the control population (P〈0.0001). Patients with moderate/severe persistent rhinitis had the highest asthma prevalence (33%).Discussion Intermittent and persistent rhinitis are not synonymous of seasonal and perennial rhinitis. Most patients consulting specialists have severe rhinitis. Asthma prevalence increases with duration and severity of rhinitis supporting the ARIA major recommendation that patients with persistent rhinitis should be evaluated for asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02274.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of food allergy and its relationship to asthma and allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 60 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Food allergy (FA) is an important health problem. However, epidemiological studies at the population level are scarce. We assessed the prevalence of FA and its associations with respiratory manifestations among schoolchildren.Methods:  A total of 6672 schoolchildren aged 9–11 years recruited from 108 randomly chosen schools in six French cities underwent a clinical examination including skin prick test (SPT) to common food and aeroallergens and the standardized protocol of the run test to assess exercise-induced bronchial hyper-responsiveness (EIB). Asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and clinical symptoms of FA were determined using a standardized questionnaire completed by parents.Results:  About 2.1% of the children reported symptoms of FA, 1.9% were sensitized to food allergens, and 0.1% had SP-tested FA. The AR was more prevalent than asthma (20.0% lifetime, 11.9% past year vs 9.8%, 8.7% respectively). Reported FA, food sensitization and SP-tested FA were all positively associated with asthma and AR (P 〈 0.001). These associations persisted also for FA not manifesting as respiratory symptoms (P 〈 0.001). Asthma and AR remained significantly associated with reported symptoms of FA and allergic sensitization to food allergens after adjustment for confounders as well as for sensitization to aeroallergens. No relationship existed between EIB (9.0%) and FA.Conclusion:  The relationships between FA and asthma and AR could be totally explained neither by the existence of respiratory manifestations of FA nor by sensitization to aeroallergens. The FA might intervene differently in asthma and AR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00860.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pilot study assessing the impact of smoking on nasal-specific quality of life (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00579.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of chronic respiratory and allergic diseases in developing countries. Focus on sub-Saharan Africa (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.02005.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In utero and perinatal complications preceding asthma (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: It has been suggested that pregnancy and early life may influence the development of asthma in the offspring, but published studies have not carefully controlled for potential biases. Methods: In a large British birth cohort of 4065 natural children of 2583 mothers, we investigated whether in utero and perinatal influences contribute to the development and the severity of asthma in childhood, allowing for possible confounders of the relationship, and considering the nonindependence of familial data. Results: Child asthma (10.1%) was more frequently reported by mothers when there had been health complications during pregnancy (prevalence=14.3%; adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]=2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.52–2.67), labor, or delivery (19.3%, ORadj=1.35, 1.01–1.81); child illness or health complications during the first week of life (22.6%, ORadj=1.35, 1.01–1.82); and birth weight of 〈2.5 kg (7.0%, ORadj=1.57, 1.10–2.25). Specific causes of health complications during pregnancy which significantly related to asthma were early or threatened labor (ICD: 644) (4.8%, ORadj=1.58, 1.03–2.40) and the malposition or malpresentation of the fetus (ICD: 652) (1.6%, ORadj=3.63, 1.47–8.91). Conclusions: The results provide further evidence that in utero and perinatal factors may increase the risk of developing asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056006491.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergy markers in adults in relation to the timing of pet exposure: the EGEA study (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Studies suggest that early childhood exposure to pets may protect from the development of atopy, but limited information is available on adults. The association of allergy markers in adulthood with current and childhood exposure to pets was studied considering retrospectively the window of exposure.Methods: Immunoglobulin E (IgE), skin prick tests (SPT), eosinophils were related to exposure to pets in 187 adult asthmatic cases and 243 controls from the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy (EGEA) study. Analyses were redone after exclusion of subjects who removed pets or experienced symptoms to animals to take into account selection in that retrospective study.Results: In asthmatic cases, current exposure to pets was unrelated to SPT positivity (+), whereas childhood exposure was significantly related to less SPT+ to any allergen, and to cat in particular, with an association restricted to those exposed before 2 years of age [OR = 0.30 (CI 0.12–0.76)]. Considering the relative timing of exposure in relation to asthma onset showed that the protective effect of exposure to pets occurs for pet exposure starting before asthma onset [OR for SPT+ = 0.19 (CI 0.08–0.48)].Conclusion: Results support the hypothesis that exposure to pets in early life, and in particular before asthma onset, may protect against allergen sensitization in adulthood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00314.x
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