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Influence of monopoly privatization and market liberalization on smoking prevalence in Japan: trends of smoking prevalence in Japan in 1975–1995 (2000)

Sato, Hajime ; Araki, Shunichi ; Yokoyama, Kazuhito

Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group

Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1360-0443

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine , Psychology

Notes: Aims. In Japan, smoking prevalence in males has been among the highest among industrialized countries, while the prevalence in females has remained relatively low. There have been long-term declining trends since the early 1970s. In the mid-1980s, the public tobacco monopoly was privatized and the tobacco market was liberalized in Japan. This study examines whether the trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of these market changes . Design and measurements. Smoking prevalence data, tabulated by age group and sex, were plotted over the period 1975-95. Trends of smoking prevalence were then analyzed by using linear regressions, and their changes at the time of monopoly privatization and market liberalization were examined by Chow tests. Findings. The trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of the monopoly privatization and trade liberalization in both males and females, except for the males in their twenties and thirties. Rates of decline in smoking prevalence diminished in many age groups and prevalence for younger females started to increase. Conclusions. Market changes, that result from the privatization of a public tobacco monopoly and trade liberalization, may adversely affect smoking prevalence in many age groups and in both sexes, unless effective countermeasures are taken.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95710799.x

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Subclinical impairment in the median nerve across the carpal tunnel among female VDT operators (1996)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Okajima, Fumika ; [et al.]

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 75-79

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome ; Data entry work ; Median nerve conduction velocity ; Prevalence rate ; VDT operators

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract Sensory nerve conduction velocities in the palm-to-finger (SCV-pf), wrist-to-finger (SCV-wf), wrist-to-palm (SCV-wp), and wrist-to-elbow (SCV-we) segments and the distribution of nerve conduction velocities in the right median nerve were determined among 27 female operators aged 19–37 and 19 healthy women (controls) aged 19-31 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Also, the WF/PF ratio, dividing the SCV-wf by the SCV-pf, was calculated to assess abnormalities of nerve conduction within the carpal tunnel. The operators were engaged in data entry in front of a visual display terminal (VDT) for about 6 h/day, and their working duration was between 1 and 17 (mean 6) years. The SCV-wf, SCV-wp, and WF/PF ratio in the operators were significantly lower than those in the controls. The rate of persons with the WF/PF ratio of less than 90%, i.e., below normal limits in the 19 controls, was significantly higher in the operator group (37%) than in the control group (0%). The operators complained of more symptoms related to CTS than did the controls, but any symptoms were not associated with slowing of nerve conduction velocities in the operators. In the controls, the WF/PF ratio was not closely correlated with skin temperature or age despite the presence of significant relations between skin temperature and the SCV-wf, SCV-pf, and SCV-wp; the interpersonal variability of the WF/PF ratio was much smaller than that of all SCVs. In the light of the present and previous studies, the rate of VDT operators with subclinical CTS seems to be high, independent of its symptoms. Also, the WF/PF ratio will be a useful and reliable screening method for the early detection of CTS due to repetitive wrist and finger movements involved in work.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381238

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3

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Effects of lead, zinc and copper absorption on peripheral nerve conduction in metal workers (1987)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Aono, Hiroshi

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 11-20

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Nerve conduction velocity ; Radial nerve ; Lead ; Zinc ; Metal interaction

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To examine the antagonistic effects of lead, zinc and copper on the nervous system in man, we measured maximal motor and sensory conduction velocities (MCV and SCV, respectively) in the distal radial and median nerves in 20 gun metal founders with asymptomatically increased absorption of these metals [blood lead concentrations ranged from 16 to 64 μg/dl (mean 42)]; and analyzed metal effects on nerve conduction by multiple regression analysis. The MCVs in the radial and median nerves and the SCV in the forearm segment of the median nerve were significantly slowed; indicators of lead absorption (urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin) were inversely correlated with the SCV in the radial nerve. The SCVs in the radial nerve and in the hand segment of the median nerve, which were not significantly slowed, were positively related to indicators of copper absorption (plasma or erythrocyte copper). The SCV in the radial nerve was also positively related to the indicator of zinc absorption (plasma zinc); similarly, the MCVs in the radial and median nerves were positively related to the indicators of zinc absorption (erythrocyte or urinary zinc). These findings suggest that copper and zinc antagonize the subclinical effects of lead on peripheral nerve conduction velocities; the conduction velocity in the distal radial nerve is sensitive not only to asymptomatic lead absorption but also to zinc and copper absorption.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377674

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Central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in workers exposed to lead, zinc and copper (1987)

Araki, Shunichi ; Murata, Katsuyuki ; Aono, Hiroshi

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 177-187

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To evaluate the effects of lead, zinc and copper in the causation of physiological changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems, we measured the latencies of pattern-reversal, visually-evoked potential (VEP) and of short-latency, somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) twice at a 12-month interval in nineteen gun metal founders exposed to lead, zinc and copper. The workers' initial blood-lead (BPb) concentrations ranged from 16 to 64 (mean 42) μg/dl. BPb and plasma zinc and copper concentrations decreased significantly during the study period owing to the improvement in working environments. In the first examination, we found that the N2 latency of VEP (conduction time from the retina to the visual cortex) and the N9–N13 latency of SSEP (conduction from the brachial plexus to the medulla oblongata) were both significantly prolonged in exposed workers. In the second examination, the N2 latency had returned to the “normal” level. These changes were correlated positively with changes in the indicators of lead absorption and inversely with changes in the indices of zinc and copper absorption. In the first examination, the N9 latency of SSEP (median nerve conduction) was also found to be significantly prolonged. This change also returned to normal over the study period in proportion to the reduction in BPb and the increase in intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. On the other hand, no significant prolongation of the N13–N20 latency of SSEP (central nerve conduction) was found in either of the two examinations; this latency and alteration over the study period were inversely correlated with the indicators of zinc and copper absorption. These data suggest that lead interferes with both peripheral and central nerve conduction. Zinc and copper appear to antagonize strongly the lead-induced conduction delay in the upper central nervous system, but only weakly in the lower central and peripheral nervous systems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378495

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5

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Central and peripheral nervous system effects of hand-arm vibrating tool operation (1990)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Aono, Hiroshi

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 183-188

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Local (hand-arm) vibration ; Occupational noise ; Central nervous system effect ; Brainstem auditory-evoked potential ; Peripheral nerve conduction

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To examine the effects of hand-arm vibrating tool operation on the central and peripheral nervous system, the brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP), median nerve conduction velocity and hearing level were measured in twelve chain saw operators (6 operators had a history of white finger attack) and in eight brush saw operators (none had a history of the attack). Control subjects, matched to each chain saw and brush saw operator by sex and age, were selected randomly from healthy adults without otitis, deafness and tinnitus. The I–V interpeak latency (conduction from cochlear nerve to brainstem) and V peak latency of BAEP were significantly prolonged in chain saw operators; the I–V interpeak latency was significantly correlated with working years in brush saw operators. The median nerve conduction velocity was significantly slowed in both chain saw and brush saw operators. Moderate hearing loss was observed in the two groups. It is suggested that vibrating tool operation, i. e. the combined stressors of local vibration, noise, climate and heavy work, affected not only the peripheral nervous system but also the brainstem portion of the auditory pathway; the brainstem effect, if any, is less advanced than the peripheral nervous system effect of local vibration.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379429

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Central nervous system effects and visual fatigue in VDT workers (1991)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Kawakami, Norito ; [et al.]

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1991), S. 109-113

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Visual evoked potential ; VDT worker ; Visual fatigue ; Central nervous system function ; Critical flicker fusion ; Near-point distance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To assess central nervous system effects and visual fatigue induced by work with visual display terminals (VDT), symptom frequency was assessed and visual evoked potential (VEP), critical flicker fusion (CFF) and near-point distance were measured in 24 female keypunchers before and after 2.5 h of VDT work and in 6 non-VDT-exposed subjects at the same intervals. Each keypuncher had been engaged in data entry for 1–7 (mean, 4) years. After VDT work, the number of complaints of subjective fatigue as well as an objective measure of near-point distance were significantly increased as compared with those before work; also, the N75, P100 and N145 latencies of VEP were significantly prolonged. The change of P100 latency during VDT work was inversely correlated with the number of years worked in data entry. No significant change was seen in any of these tests in the non-VDT-exposed subjects. The changes in N75 latency and subjective fatigue related to drowsiness and dullness in the keypunchers were significantly larger than those in the non-VDT-exposed subjects. The CFF was significantly lower in keypunchers than in non-VDT-exposed subjects in both the first and the second tests. These data suggest that VDT work is associated with impairment of the visual nervous system function, that VEP latencies appear to be a sensitive indicator of visual fatigue, at least transiently, and that CFF appears to be a good parameter for estimations of chronic visual fatigue.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379073

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Adjustment of creatinine-adjusted values in urine to urinary flow rate: a study of eleven heavy metals and organic substances (1996)

Sata, Fumihiro ; Araki, Shunichi ; Yokoyama, Kazuhito ; [et al.]

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 64-68

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Creatinine-adjusted value ; Urinary flow-adjusted value ; Spot urine ; Biological monitoring

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The use of urinary monitoring in medical surveillance programs in industry requires development of an accurate and unbiased index of urinary concentrations of occupational toxins. To examine the effects of urinary flow (UF) rate on the standard creatinine (Cn)-adjusted value and the UF- and Cn-adjusted values according to Greenberg and Levine and to Araki et al. for 11 heavy metals and organic substances, 19 metal-foundry workers aged 34–59 years (mean 48), who had been exposed to lead, zinc, and copper for 2–17 (mean 10) years, were studied during four periods of the day under water-free, water-restrictive and water-loading conditions for 6 days. The blood lead concentrations of the 19 workers ranged from 22 to 59 (mean 38) μg/dl. The results indicated that there was no significant OF effect on the UF- and Cn-adjusted values of Araki et al. for all urinary substances except mercury and coproporphyrin. On the other hand, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Greenberg and Levine was positively correlated with OF rate for all urinary substances, and the standard Cn-adjusted value was either positively or inversely correlated with OF rate for many urinary substances. Therefore, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Araki et al. is considered to be applicable to the measurement of most urinary substances under conditions of wide variation in OF rate.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831635

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Autonomic and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in workers exposed to mixed organic solvents (1991)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Yokoyama, Kazuhito ; [et al.]

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1991), S. 335-340

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Neurotoxicity of organic solvents ; Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities ; Distribution of nerve conduction velocities (DCV) ; Solvent-exposed workers

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To assess possible solvent-induced dysfunction of the autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, 11 solvent-exposed workers and 11 age-matched unexposed controls were examined using the coefficient of variation in electrocardiographic R-R intervals (CVRR) and the distribution of nerve conduction velocities (DCV). Two components of CVRR, i.e., the C-CVRSA and CCVMWSA, were also examined, which are considered to reflect parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively. The workers had been occupationally exposed to toluene and/or solvent mixtures such as thinners, for 35–360 months. In the solvent-exposed workers, the CVRR and C-CVRSA were significantly reduced compared with unexposed controls. Similarly, the faster velocities of the DCV and median nerve conduction velocities were significantly slowed. The reduction in the CVRR was significantly correlated with duration of exposure in the solvent-exposed workers. These data, despite the small sample size and the variety of organic solvents, suggest that organic solvents may affect both the faster myelinated nerve fibers and autonomic nervous activity (principally, parasympathetic component).

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381584

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Effects of occupational use of vibrating tools in the autonomic, central and peripheral nervous system (1997)

Murata, Katsuyuki ; Araki, Shunichi ; Okajima, Fumika ; [et al.]

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 94-100

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Key words Vibrating-tool operation ; Heart rate variability ; Autonomic nervous system effects ; Somatosensory evoked potential ; Nerve conduction

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract Objectives:The objective of this study was to clarify the autonomic, central and peripheral nervous effects of vibrating-tool operation. Methods: The ECG R-R interval variability (CVRR), including the C-CVHF, C-CVLF (two component CVs of the CVRR reflecting parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively) and the power spectral densities (PSDHF and PSDLF) after autoregressive analysis, short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), distribution of nerve conduction velocities (DCV), and median and radial nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) were measured in 17 vibrating-tool operators and the same number of age-matched control subjects. Some of the operators complained of white finger even in summer as soon as they arrived at the cold workplace. Design: The significance of the differences in neurophysiological data between the exposed and unexposed groups and the associations between these data in the former were investigated. Results: The CVRR, C-CVHF and PSDHF were significantly lower in the vibrating-tool operators than in the matched controls. The N9–N13 interpeak latency of the SSEP, i.e., conduction time of the cervico-spinobulbar pathway, in the operators was significantly prolonged as compared with the controls; the faster velocities of the DCV and the NCVs were significantly slowed in the operators. The N9–N13 interpeak latency in the operators was significantly correlated with the C-CVHF. Conclusion: Complex stressors of local vibration, cold, noise and heavy work, seem to affect the cervico-spinobulbar, parasympathetic and peripheral nerve functions. Also, parasympathetic hypofunction may imply a consequence in brainstem pathology induced by cold exposure in addition to vibration.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050192

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The effects of CaEDTA injection on lead, zinc, copper and ALAD in erythrocyte, plasma and urine in lead-exposed workers: a 24-h observation (1984)

Aono, Hiroshi ; Araki, Shunichi

Springer

International archives of occupational and environmental health 55 (1984), S. 13-18

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ISSN: 1432-1246

Keywords: Metals (Pb, Zn, Cu) ; ALAD ; CaEDTA ; Blood (Plasma, Erythrocyte) ; Urine

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary To evaluate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) on the concentrations of lead, zinc and copper in plasma, erythrocyte and urine, and the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in erytrocyte, we administered CaEDTA in 1-h intravenous infusion to ten male gun metal founders with blood-lead concentration of 39 to 64 μg/dl (mean 49 μg/dl). We found that the plasma concentration of lead, following a rapid rise within the first 3 h, fell temporarily to the level significantly lower than the initial level 19 h after start of the infusion. The plasma concentration of zinc fell to the minimal level 5 h after the infusion; and the erythrocyte concentration of zinc and the ALAD activity concurrently rose to the maximal level 5 h after the infusion. By contrast, no significant alteration was observed in the concentrations of copper in plasma and erythrocyte. The maximal level of urinary metal excretion was attained during the period between 1 and 2 h after start of CaEDTA infusion for lead; within 2 h for zinc; and between 2 and 4 h for copper. The urinary metal excretion returned to the initial level 14 to 24 h after infusion for zinc and copper; but lead excretion was still higher than the initial level during this period. The difference in the kinetics of the three metals following CaEDTA injection is discussed in the light of these findings.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378063

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