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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asymptomatic sequelae to acute sarin poisoning in the central and autonomic nervous system 6 months after the Tokyo subway attack (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Sarin poisoning ; Asymptomatic sequelae ; Neurotoxicity ; Neurophysiological methods ; Posttraumatic stress ; disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six to eight months after the Tokyo subway attack in March 1995, the neurophysiological effects of acute sarin poisoning were investigated in 18 passengers exposed to sarin (sarin cases) in the subways to ascertain the focal or functional brain deficits induced by sarin. The event-related and visual evoked potentials (P300 and VEP), brainstem auditory evoked potential, and electrocardiographic R-R interval variability (CVRR), together with the score on the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist, were measured in the sarin cases and the same number of control subjects matched for sex and age. None of the sarin cases had any obvious clinical abnormalities at the time of testing. The P300 and VEP (P100) latencies in the sarin cases were significantly prolonged compared with the matched controls. In the sarin cases, the CVRR was significantly related to serum cholinesterase (ChE) levels determined immediately after exposure; the PTSD score was not significantly associated with any neurophysiological data despite the high PTSD score in the sarin cases. These findings suggest that asymptomatic sequelae to sarin exposure, rather than PTSD, persist in the higher and visual nervous systems beyond the turnover period of ChE; sarin may have neurotoxic actions in addition to the inhibitory action on brain ChE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050153
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of monopoly privatization and market liberalization on smoking prevalence in Japan: trends of smoking prevalence in Japan in 1975–1995 (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. In Japan, smoking prevalence in males has been among the highest among industrialized countries, while the prevalence in females has remained relatively low. There have been long-term declining trends since the early 1970s. In the mid-1980s, the public tobacco monopoly was privatized and the tobacco market was liberalized in Japan. This study examines whether the trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of these market changes . Design and measurements. Smoking prevalence data, tabulated by age group and sex, were plotted over the period 1975-95. Trends of smoking prevalence were then analyzed by using linear regressions, and their changes at the time of monopoly privatization and market liberalization were examined by Chow tests. Findings. The trends in smoking prevalence changed at the time of the monopoly privatization and trade liberalization in both males and females, except for the males in their twenties and thirties. Rates of decline in smoking prevalence diminished in many age groups and prevalence for younger females started to increase. Conclusions. Market changes, that result from the privatization of a public tobacco monopoly and trade liberalization, may adversely affect smoking prevalence in many age groups and in both sexes, unless effective countermeasures are taken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95710799.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in workers exposed to lead, zinc and copper (1987)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the effects of lead, zinc and copper in the causation of physiological changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems, we measured the latencies of pattern-reversal, visually-evoked potential (VEP) and of short-latency, somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) twice at a 12-month interval in nineteen gun metal founders exposed to lead, zinc and copper. The workers' initial blood-lead (BPb) concentrations ranged from 16 to 64 (mean 42) μg/dl. BPb and plasma zinc and copper concentrations decreased significantly during the study period owing to the improvement in working environments. In the first examination, we found that the N2 latency of VEP (conduction time from the retina to the visual cortex) and the N9–N13 latency of SSEP (conduction from the brachial plexus to the medulla oblongata) were both significantly prolonged in exposed workers. In the second examination, the N2 latency had returned to the “normal” level. These changes were correlated positively with changes in the indicators of lead absorption and inversely with changes in the indices of zinc and copper absorption. In the first examination, the N9 latency of SSEP (median nerve conduction) was also found to be significantly prolonged. This change also returned to normal over the study period in proportion to the reduction in BPb and the increase in intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. On the other hand, no significant prolongation of the N13–N20 latency of SSEP (central nerve conduction) was found in either of the two examinations; this latency and alteration over the study period were inversely correlated with the indicators of zinc and copper absorption. These data suggest that lead interferes with both peripheral and central nerve conduction. Zinc and copper appear to antagonize strongly the lead-induced conduction delay in the upper central nervous system, but only weakly in the lower central and peripheral nervous systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378495
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjustment of creatinine-adjusted values in urine to urinary flow rate: a study of eleven heavy metals and organic substances (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 64-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Creatinine-adjusted value ; Urinary flow-adjusted value ; Spot urine ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of urinary monitoring in medical surveillance programs in industry requires development of an accurate and unbiased index of urinary concentrations of occupational toxins. To examine the effects of urinary flow (UF) rate on the standard creatinine (Cn)-adjusted value and the UF- and Cn-adjusted values according to Greenberg and Levine and to Araki et al. for 11 heavy metals and organic substances, 19 metal-foundry workers aged 34–59 years (mean 48), who had been exposed to lead, zinc, and copper for 2–17 (mean 10) years, were studied during four periods of the day under water-free, water-restrictive and water-loading conditions for 6 days. The blood lead concentrations of the 19 workers ranged from 22 to 59 (mean 38) μg/dl. The results indicated that there was no significant OF effect on the UF- and Cn-adjusted values of Araki et al. for all urinary substances except mercury and coproporphyrin. On the other hand, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Greenberg and Levine was positively correlated with OF rate for all urinary substances, and the standard Cn-adjusted value was either positively or inversely correlated with OF rate for many urinary substances. Therefore, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Araki et al. is considered to be applicable to the measurement of most urinary substances under conditions of wide variation in OF rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831635
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central and peripheral nervous system effects of hand-arm vibrating tool operation (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Local (hand-arm) vibration ; Occupational noise ; Central nervous system effect ; Brainstem auditory-evoked potential ; Peripheral nerve conduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the effects of hand-arm vibrating tool operation on the central and peripheral nervous system, the brainstem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP), median nerve conduction velocity and hearing level were measured in twelve chain saw operators (6 operators had a history of white finger attack) and in eight brush saw operators (none had a history of the attack). Control subjects, matched to each chain saw and brush saw operator by sex and age, were selected randomly from healthy adults without otitis, deafness and tinnitus. The I–V interpeak latency (conduction from cochlear nerve to brainstem) and V peak latency of BAEP were significantly prolonged in chain saw operators; the I–V interpeak latency was significantly correlated with working years in brush saw operators. The median nerve conduction velocity was significantly slowed in both chain saw and brush saw operators. Moderate hearing loss was observed in the two groups. It is suggested that vibrating tool operation, i. e. the combined stressors of local vibration, noise, climate and heavy work, affected not only the peripheral nervous system but also the brainstem portion of the auditory pathway; the brainstem effect, if any, is less advanced than the peripheral nervous system effect of local vibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379429
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central nervous system effects and visual fatigue in VDT workers (1991)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1991), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Visual evoked potential ; VDT worker ; Visual fatigue ; Central nervous system function ; Critical flicker fusion ; Near-point distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess central nervous system effects and visual fatigue induced by work with visual display terminals (VDT), symptom frequency was assessed and visual evoked potential (VEP), critical flicker fusion (CFF) and near-point distance were measured in 24 female keypunchers before and after 2.5 h of VDT work and in 6 non-VDT-exposed subjects at the same intervals. Each keypuncher had been engaged in data entry for 1–7 (mean, 4) years. After VDT work, the number of complaints of subjective fatigue as well as an objective measure of near-point distance were significantly increased as compared with those before work; also, the N75, P100 and N145 latencies of VEP were significantly prolonged. The change of P100 latency during VDT work was inversely correlated with the number of years worked in data entry. No significant change was seen in any of these tests in the non-VDT-exposed subjects. The changes in N75 latency and subjective fatigue related to drowsiness and dullness in the keypunchers were significantly larger than those in the non-VDT-exposed subjects. The CFF was significantly lower in keypunchers than in non-VDT-exposed subjects in both the first and the second tests. These data suggest that VDT work is associated with impairment of the visual nervous system function, that VEP latencies appear to be a sensitive indicator of visual fatigue, at least transiently, and that CFF appears to be a good parameter for estimations of chronic visual fatigue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379073
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autonomic and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in workers exposed to hand-arm vibration: a study of R-R interval variability and distribution of nerve conduction velocities (1991)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1991), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Local vibration ; Parasympathetic and sympathetic activities ; Distribution of nerve conduction velocities ; Vibration-induced white finger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the effects of vibrating-tool operation on the autonomic and peripheral nervous system, we measured the variability in the electrocardiographic R-R interval (CVRR) and the distribution of nerve conduction velocities (DCV) in 24 men who were vibrating-tool operators and in 17 healthy adult men (control group). Of the 24 tool operators, 13 had a history of vibration-induced white finger [VWF(+) group] and 11 had no such history [VWF(−) group]. Two components of CVRR, i.e. C-CVRSA and C-CVMWSA, which have been considered to reflect parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively, were also examined. Both the CVRR and the C-CVRSA in the VWF(+) group and the CVRR in the VWF(−) group were found to be significantly depressed as compared with the control values; moreover, a significant difference in the C-CVRSA was observed between the VWF(+) group and the VWF(−) group. The faster DCVs and the sensory median nerve conduction velocity were significantly slowed in the VWF (+) and VWF(−) groups. The C-CVMWSA was significantly correlated with most of the DCV parameters and with the median nerve conduction velocities in all 24 vibrating-tool operators. These data suggest that operation of vibrating tools, which involves exposure to combined stressors of local vibration, heavy work, climate, and noise, affects both the faster myelinated nerve-fiber activity and the parasympathetic activity; the sympathetic activity at rest in workers exposed to hand-arm vibration may be related to depression of peripheral nerve conduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381570
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate-chelated lead as a predictor for subclinical lead neurotoxicity: follow-up study on gun-metal foundry workers (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Chelated lead ; Blood lead ; Subclinical effects ; Distribution of nerve conduction velocities ; Gun-metal foundry workers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To examine if chelated lead was a more predictive indicator of the subclinical effect of lead on conduction velocities of faster or slower nerve fibers as compared with blood lead (BPb). Methods: Distribution of conduction velocities (DCV) in large myelinated fibers of the sensory median nerve was measured twice at a 1-year interval in 17 male gun-metal foundry workers with BPb concentrations of 22–59 (mean 40.2) μg/dl and a mobilization yield of lead into urine (MPb) by calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate of 0.15–2.09 (mean 1.19) mg/24 h for the 1st year and in 20 healthy males (controls). Results: Yearly changes in the conduction velocities of faster fibers were significantly correlated with the corresponding change in MPb (P 〈 0.05) but not with that in BPb (P 〉 0.05). In ten workers showing an increase in MPb during the 1-year period (0.44 mg/24 h on average) the conduction velocities of faster fibers were decreased significantly, resulting in the values being significantly lower in all the workers combined than in the controls (P 〈 0.05). On the other hand, in the remaining workers, who showed a lesser extent of reduction in MPb (0.08 mg/24 h on average), the DCV did not change (P 〉 0.05). Conclusion: Chelated lead might be a more predictive indicator of the effect of lead on the conduction velocities of faster fibers than blood lead.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circadian rhythms in the urinary excretion of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers in relation to renal excretory mechanism: profile analysis (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu) ; Hippuric acid ; Beta-2-microglobulin ; Delta ; aminolevulinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Circadian rhythms in the urinary excretion of eleven heavy metals and organic substances were examined under free, water-restrictive and water-loading conditions for 6 d (2 d for each of the three conditions) in twenty metal workers exposed to lead, zinc and copper. Circadian rhythms were found for all heavy metals and organic substances as well as for urinary flow (UF) rate, creatinine (Cn) and total urinary solutes (TUS). The Cn rhythm was significantly unparallel to the OF rhythm under the water-loading condition, indicating that the two rhythms were essentially different from each other. Circadian rhythms of the eleven urinary substances were then related to the Cn and OF rhythms, using profile analysis. The results indicated that the rhythms in the manganese, chromium, copper and beta-2-microglobulin excretion depend on the Cn rhythm, i.e. the rhythm of glomerular filtration; the rhythms in the hippuric acid, delta-aminolevulinic acid and TUS excretion are on the OF rhythm, i.e. the rhythm of reabsorption by the distal tubule and collecting duct. On the other hand, the rhythms in the lead, inorganic mercury, cadmium, zinc and coproporphyrin excretion were considered as reflecting complex renal excretory mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409371
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjustment for urinary flow rate: an improved approach to biological monitoring (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 471-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring (7 metals, hippuric acid) ; Spot urine sample ; Effect of urinary flow ; Creatinine adjustment ; Specific-gravity adjustment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The use of urinary monitoring in medical surveillance programs in industry requires the development of an accurate and unbiased index of urinary concentrations of occupational toxins. To examine the effects of urinary flow rate on adjusted and non-adjusted urinary excretion of 11 heavy metals and organic substances, 19 metal-foundry workers were studied during four time periods of the day under conditions of water restriction and loading. The results indicate that urinary flow rate significantly affects not only the non-adjusted urinary concentration for all substances, but also affects timed excretion as well as concentrations adjusted to urinary specific gravity and to urinary creatinine during any time period of the day. On the other hand, the concentration adjusted to urinary flow rate (UF-adjusted concentration) is independent by definition of urinary flow; therefore, this adjustment is applicable for highly diluted and highly concentrated urine samples without repetition of urine collection. It is concluded that UF-adjusted concentration is a useful index for the measurement of most urinary substances, while adjustments to urinary specific gravity and to urinary creatinine concentration have only limited utility in evaluating toxin levels in spot urine samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379066
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