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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct-drive laser-fusion experiments with the OMEGA, 60-beam, 〉40 kJ, ultraviolet laser system (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2108-2112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: OMEGA, a 60-beam, 351 nm, Nd:glass laser with an on-target energy capability of more than 40 kJ, is a flexible facility that can be used for both direct- and indirect-drive targets and is designed to ultimately achieve irradiation uniformity of 1% on direct-drive capsules with shaped laser pulses (dynamic range (approximately-greater-than)400:1). The OMEGA program for the next five years includes plasma physics experiments to investigate laser–matter interaction physics at temperatures, densities, and scale lengths approaching those of direct-drive capsules designed for the 1.8 MJ National Ignition Facility (NIF); experiments to characterize and mitigate the deleterious effects of hydrodynamic instabilities; and implosion experiments with capsules that are hydrodynamically equivalent to high-gain, direct-drive capsules. Details are presented of the OMEGA direct-drive experimental program and initial data from direct-drive implosion experiments that have achieved the highest thermonuclear yield (1014 DT neutrons) and yield efficiency (1% of scientific breakeven) ever attained in laser-fusion experiments. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871662
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contralateral tendon rupture risk is increased in individuals with a previous Achilles tendon rupture (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 14 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome after surgery for an acute Achilles tendon rupture. In particular, we wanted to study whether persons who have suffered an Achilles tendon rupture are at greater risk of a contralateral tendon rupture. From September 1990 to April 1997, 168 acute Achilles tendon ruptures in 26 women and 142 men were treated operatively. In August 1998 (median: 4.2 years post injury), 154 of these patients (92%) responded to a follow-up questionnaire. Local symptoms (pain, decreased strength and/or reduced range of motion) were reported pre injury by 25% of the patients; at follow-up this had increased to 52%. Ten patients (6%) experienced a rupture on the contralateral side during the follow-up period (OR: 176 [70–282] vs. the expected rate based on the general population risk of this injury, P〈0.001). Thus, this study suggests that patients with an Achilles tendon rupture are at significantly increased risk of a contralateral tendon rupture, as well. Also, as many as half of the patients suffered from post-injury problems at long-term follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00344.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No effect of seasonal variation in training load on immuno-endocrine responses to acute exhaustive exercise (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: This study was designed to examine the relationship between seasonal changes in training and competition load, and changes in leukocyte subsets, stress hormones, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to a standardised bout of endurance exercise. In addition, changes in mood states were monitored. Ten male, international Nordic skiers, age 20–29, maximal oxygen uptake 70–82 ml  ·  kg−1  ·  min−1 performed the same incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion at the same time of day (±1 h), during the competitive season (in-season HI test) and the recovery season (off-season LO test). The subject filled out a training and competition log (TC score) for three weeks prior to each test and a 65-item Profile of Mood State (POMS) test on arrival at the laboratory. Venous blood for haematological, hormonal, and IL-6 analysis was drawn before and at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after the test. TC score was more than twice as high during the competitive season (16.0±3.9) compared to the off-season period (7.0±4.4). An ANOVA procedure for repeated measures showed no difference in exercise induced changes in concentrations of neutrocytes, lymphocytes, epinephrine, ACTH or cortisol between the in-season HI and off-season LO tests; however, norepinephrine and the IL-6 concentrations were elevated at the in-season HI test compared to the off-season LO test. There were no significant differences in POMS global mood score or sub-scores between the in-season HI and the off-season LO tests. Thus, in a group of elite Nordic skiers, we conclude that a doubling of the training and competition load during the winter season does not alter the leukocyte and stress hormone responses to an incremental exercise test to exhaustion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.110303.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High prevalence of elbow problems among goalkeepers in European team handball - ‘handball goalie's elbow’ (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of this study was to describe elbow problems among goalkeepers in team handball. A questionnaire was sent to the coaches of 449 senior and 32 junior teams in Norway in 1992. Of these, 304 coaches responded (63%) and their teams were included in the study. A total of 329 out of 729 goalkeepers (45±1.8%) and 166 out of 4120 court players (4.0±0.3%) were reported by their coaches to have current or previous symptoms from one or both elbows when playing handball. In response to a second questionnaire sent to all the goalkeepers (729; response rate 81%), 41±2.0% reported current elbow problems and an additional 34±2.0% reported previous problems. During a 2-year observation period from 1992 to 1994, 8.6±1.8% of the goalkeepers with previously healthy elbows experienced elbow problems. The typical complaint was recurrent pain and disability episodes, each with an acute onset, but with varying duration. The mechanism of injury for the goalkeepers appears to be repeated hyperextension traumas. We conclude that elbow pain and disability is a significant problem for a large number of goalkeepers in team handball. These problems may be described as a syndrome called ‘handball goalie's elbow’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00474.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear laser–matter interaction processes in long-scale-length plasmas (1992)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 2232-2240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper reports on nonlinear laser–plasma interaction experiments using long-scale-length plasmas produced by the 24-beam OMEGA laser system operating at 351 nm. The experiments were carried out with distributed phase plates (DPP's) in all beams and with and without smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD). Most of the beams were used to create a large preformed plasma, which had gradient scale lengths of ≤800 μm at electron densities below a quarter of the critical density nc and temperatures in excess of 1 keV. One of the beams, the "interaction beam,'' was timed independently and tightly focused to intensities ∼1015 W/cm2. All beams had pulse durations of ∼0.6 nsec. The interaction processes studied were mainly Raman scattering and the two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability as evidenced by its characteristic 3/2-harmonic emission. Details of the Raman and 3/2-harmonic spectra are presented. Evidence was found for the TPD instability close to its Landau cutoff density at ∼ 0.2nc. Raman emission was narrow-band and observed only from densities 〈 0.2nc. For late timings of the interaction beam, the Raman emission appeared to originate from near the peak of the density profile, but for earlier timings it appeared to come from densities a factor of 2 below the calculated peak. Application of SSD affected the 3/2-harmonic emission only slightly, but it strongly reduced the Raman emission. A discussion is given of some models that attempt to explain these observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860191
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and characterization of hot, long-scale-length laser plasmas (1992)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 432-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental data and hydrodynamic simulation results are presented for long-scale-length plasmas produced by the multibeam OMEGA fusion laser, with (approximately-less-than)1.5 kJ on target at wavelength 351 nm. The appropriately time-delayed beams from this system allow the production of millimeter-sized plasmas with (approximately-greater-than)1 keV electron temperatures maintained over extended periods of time ((approximately-greater-than)1 nsec). The two-dimensional plasma expansion and the temporal evolution of the electron temperature and density are found to be in very good agreement with simulations. The plasma thus produced forms an excellent tool for investigating laser–plasma interaction processes under conditions relevant to future laser-fusion reactor targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860294
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to "Comments on ‘Ion acoustic parametric decay instability in laser-produced plasma with varying ionic charge' [Phys. Fluids B 3, 1983 (1991)]'' (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 656-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The authors of the comment have correctly identified an area in which our paper is neither sufficiently clear nor fully correct. Unfortunately, we do not agree with their equations or their physical arguments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860499
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulated Raman scattering in self-focused light filaments in laser-produced plasmas (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 3245-3251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stimulated Raman scattering instability is treated for laser light propagating through a plasma in a self-focused filament. It is shown that self-focusing of hot spots in the incident laser beam can greatly enhance the growth rate of the instability. This result may help to explain experimental observations of Raman scattering at nominal incident intensities well below the theoretical threshold, and may also account for an anomalous spectral structure that has been observed at low intensities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866499
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in a population of highlevel team handball players. We also wanted to examine injury mechanisms and possible risk factors for ACL injuries, including menstrual status. The study was done prospectively during the 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995–96 seasons. We found 28 ACL injuries, 23 among women (incidence: 0.31 ± 0.06 injuries per 1000 player hours) and 5 among men (0.06 ± 0.03 inj./1000 h; P 〈 0.001 vs women; risk ratio: 5.0). Of the 28 injuries, 24 occurred during competiton (0.91 ± 0.19 inj./1000 h; women: 1.60 ± 0.35 inj./1000 h; men: 0.23 ± 0.13 inj./1000 h; P±0.001 vs. women; risk ratio: 7.0) and 4 during training (0.03 ± 0.02 inj./1000 h; P±0.001 vs. competition; risk ratio: 29.9). Nearly all the injuries (n= 25) occurred in noncontact situations when the players performed high-speed plant-and-cut movements which they were well accustomed to. A reliable menstrual history could be obtained in 17 of the 23 cases among females. Five of the injuries occurred in the menstrual phase, 2 in the follicular phase, 1 in the early luteal phase and 9 in the late luteal phase (chi-square3 d.f.= 13.2; P±0.01). The results suggest that there may be an increased risk of ACL injury during the week prior to or after the start of the menstrual period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00185.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between floor type and risk of ACL injury in team handball (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 13 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to compare the ACL injury rate between two different floor types – wooden floors (parquet, generally having lower friction) and artificial floors (generally having higher friction). ACL injuries have been recorded prospectively from the three top divisions for men and women in Norwegian team handball during seven seasons (1989–2000). A total of 174 ACL injuries have been recorded, and of these 53 occurred in regular league games. The floor types for all regular games from the same seasons have been determined retrospectively based on match schedules. The matches were divided into two groups: those played on wooden floors and those played on artificial floors. A total of nine injuries occurred among men (incidence: 0.24±0.09 injuries per 1000 player hours) and 44 among women (0.77±0.04 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. men: 3.21 (1.56–6.58); P=0.001). Among men, four injuries occurred on wooden floors (0.32±0.13 injuries 1000 h−1) and five injuries occurred on artificial floors (0.20±0.12 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. wooden floors: 0.63 (0.17–2.37); ns). Among women, eight injuries occurred on wooden floors (0.41±0.09 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. men: 1.29 (0.39–4.28); ns) and 36 on artificial floors (0.96±0.04 injuries 1000 h−1; OR vs. wooden floors: 2.35 (1.09–5.07); P=0.03; OR vs. men: 4.77 (1.87–12.18); P=0.001). These results indicate that the risk of ACL injury for women is higher on artificial floors than on wooden floors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00329.x
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