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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bambuterol: Effects of a new anti-asthmatic drug (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 425-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: asthma ; bambuterol ; terbutaline ; pharmacodynamics ; prodrug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-seven asthmatic outpatients were randomly treated with bambuterol 30 mg administered once daily before going to bed and sustained release terbutaline 10 mg twice daily in a 14 day, double blind cross over study. On all the parameters of bronchodilator effects, namely peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), use of extra beta-agonist puffs, asthma symptom score, and patient preference for one of the treatments, no statistically or clinically significant difference between the two treatments was found. No significant difference between treatments was observed in the number or severity of side-effects. Bambuterol administered once daily appears to be an effective anti-asthmatic treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613456
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day versus training once daily (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Low muscle glycogen content has been demonstrated to enhance transcription of a number of genes involved in training adaptation. These results made us speculate that training at a low muscle glycogen content would enhance training adaptation. We therefore performed a study in which seven healthy untrained males performed one-knee legged exercise training at a low glycogen (Low) protocol, whereas the other leg was trained at a high glycogen (High) protocol. Both legs were trained equally regarding workload and training amount. Day one: Both legs (Low+High) were trained for 1 h followed by 2 h of rest at a fasting state, where after one leg (Low) was trained for one more hour. Day 2: Only one leg (High) trained for 1 h. Days 1 and 2 were repeated for 10 weeks. As an effect of training, the increase in maximal workload was identical for the two legs. However, time till exhaustion at 90% was markedly more increased in the Low leg compared with the High leg. Resting muscle glycogen and the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) increased with training, but only significantly so in LOW, whereas citrate synthase (CS) activity increased in both low and high. There was a more pronounced increase in CS activity when Low was compared with High. In conclusion, the present study suggests that training twice every second day may be superior to daily training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00443_2x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical exercise modulates the cellular immune system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 1 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The recent findings that bicycle exercise training may reduce the number of swollen joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stimulated us to examine the possibility that this was mediated through exercise-induced immunomodulation. The effect of a single bout of physical exercise on blood mononuclear subsets, proliferative responses and natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined. Six patients with moderately active RA for 20 years exercised for 27 min on a bicycle, the work intensity being estimated at 68% of max V̇O2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last minutes of exercise, as well as 2 h afterwards. During bicycle exercise the proportion of T cells (DC3+ cells) declined, mainly because of a fall in T helper cells (DC4+ cells). The proportion of NK cells (CD16+ cells) increased during work, but reverted afterwards. The monocytes (CD14+ cells) did not change; B cells (CD20+ cells) declined slightly during exercise and reverted later. No change in PHA-, PPD- and Unstimulated BMNC proliferation occurred during exercise. Two hours after exercise, PPD- and IL-2-induced proliferation increased significantly, except for the PHA-stimulated response. The NK cell activity increased only significantly during exercise when the cells were preincubated with indomethacin, and returned to normal 2 h afterwards. This shows that brief, moderate exercise by patients with RA alters the composition of blood mononuclear cell subsets and cell functions. The clinical significance of this immunomodulation remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00291.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible beneficial role of exercise in modulating low-grade inflammation in the elderly (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 13 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Aging is associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6. These two cytokines are tightly linked in that TNF induces production of IL-6, which again inhibits TNF gene expression. In epidemiological studies, both cytokines have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, based on basal studies, we suggest that TNF (and not IL-6) is the driver behind insulin resistancy. Thus, it is possible that selective enhancement of the IL-6 level may inhibit TNF—induced insulin resistance. Muscle contractions induce production and release of IL-6, but not TNF, into the circulation, in both young and elderly humans. We suggest that muscle-derived IL-6 contributes to mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise and may contribute to inhibit TNF-production and thereby insulin resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.20218.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No effect of seasonal variation in training load on immuno-endocrine responses to acute exhaustive exercise (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: This study was designed to examine the relationship between seasonal changes in training and competition load, and changes in leukocyte subsets, stress hormones, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to a standardised bout of endurance exercise. In addition, changes in mood states were monitored. Ten male, international Nordic skiers, age 20–29, maximal oxygen uptake 70–82 ml  ·  kg−1  ·  min−1 performed the same incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion at the same time of day (±1 h), during the competitive season (in-season HI test) and the recovery season (off-season LO test). The subject filled out a training and competition log (TC score) for three weeks prior to each test and a 65-item Profile of Mood State (POMS) test on arrival at the laboratory. Venous blood for haematological, hormonal, and IL-6 analysis was drawn before and at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after the test. TC score was more than twice as high during the competitive season (16.0±3.9) compared to the off-season period (7.0±4.4). An ANOVA procedure for repeated measures showed no difference in exercise induced changes in concentrations of neutrocytes, lymphocytes, epinephrine, ACTH or cortisol between the in-season HI and off-season LO tests; however, norepinephrine and the IL-6 concentrations were elevated at the in-season HI test compared to the off-season LO test. There were no significant differences in POMS global mood score or sub-scores between the in-season HI and the off-season LO tests. Thus, in a group of elite Nordic skiers, we conclude that a doubling of the training and competition load during the winter season does not alter the leukocyte and stress hormone responses to an incremental exercise test to exhaustion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.110303.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular immunity in highly trained elite racing cyclists during periods of training with high and low intensity (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 1 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Cellular immunity was measured under resting conditions in 29 highly trained male racing cyclists during a period of low training intensity (winter), and in 15 untrained people. Fifteen of the cyclists were reexamined during a period of high training intensity (summer) together with 10 of the untrained people. Data on lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte proliferative responses were obtained. Changes in any of these immune parameters from low to high training seasons did not differ significantly between the trained and untrained people. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the cyclists, both during the period of low training intensity (39.2±11.6%vs 30.9±6.4%) and during the period of high training intensity (55.2±18.4% vs 33.6±20.3%). Leucocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil concentrations did not differ between the two groups. The blood mononuclear cell (BMNC) subsets, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD16+ cells, and the BMNC proliferative responses following stimulation with either interleukin 2, purified derivative of tuberculin or phytohaemagghitinin did not differ significantly between the groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00290.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced Release of Intact and Cleaved Urokinase Receptor in Stimulated Whole-Blood Cultures from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 61 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The blood levels of the soluble forms of the urokinase receptor (suPAR) are increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients. This study investigated whether the release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in whole-blood cultures was affected by HIV infection. The release of different uPAR forms in whole-blood cultures incubated 24 h with or without phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide was analysed in 47 HIV patients and 19 controls. suPAR was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (bulk-suPAR) and three different time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays measuring three-domain suPAR [suPAR(I–III)], three- and two-domain suPAR [suPAR(I–III) + suPAR(II–III)] and one-domain suPAR [suPAR(I)]. The uPAR release was correlated to leucocyte subpopulations and plasma levels of suPAR. The stimulated net whole-blood culture release of bulk-uPAR, uPAR(I–III), uPAR(II–III) and uPAR(I) was reduced in HIV patients (all P 〈 0.01), whereas the spontaneous bulk-uPAR and uPAR(I–III) release was increased in HIV patients (both P 〈 0.05). The stimulated uPAR release in whole-blood cultures correlated well to leucocytes and circulating suPAR levels in controls, whereas the correlation was weaker to leucocytes and nonexisting to circulating suPAR levels in HIV patients. These findings demonstrate that HIV infection affects stimulated and spontaneous uPAR release in whole-blood cultures. Given that high blood levels of suPAR in HIV patients are linked to immune activation, the perturbations in uPAR release in whole-blood cultures from HIV patients may also reflect immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01582.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interleukin-6 Infusion During Human Endotoxaemia Inhibits In Vitro Release of the Urokinase Receptor from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 61 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Leucocyte expression of the urokinase receptor [urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)] is regulated by inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the in vivo effect of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α on uPAR-release in vivo and in vitro in humans. Healthy subjects received intravenous endotoxin injection [high-dose, 2 ng/kg (n = 8) and low-dose, 0.06 ng/kg (n = 7)], coadministration of 0.06 ng/kg endotoxin and 3 h recombinant human (rh)IL-6 infusion (n = 7) or 3 h infusion of rhIL-6 (n = 6), rhTNF-α (n = 6) or NaCl (n = 5). Soluble uPAR (suPAR) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and supernatants from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures incubated for 24 h. The spontaneous and stimulated uPAR-release from PBMC cultures was enhanced 5 h after low-dose endotoxin (both P 〈 0.05), but coadministration of rhIL-6 during low-dose endotoxaemia abolished this enhanced uPAR release. High-dose endotoxin increased plasma suPAR levels (P 〈 0.001) whereas low-dose endotoxin, rhIL-6 or TNF-α did not influence uPAR release in vivo to such degree that a systemic effect on the plasma suPAR level was detectable. Even subclinical doses of endotoxin in vivo enhance the capacity of PBMC to release uPAR after incubation in vitro. The inhibitory effect of IL-6 on endotoxin-mediated uPAR-release in vitro suggests that IL-6 has anti-inflammatory effects on endotoxin-mediated inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0300-9475.2005.01547.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T-Cell Receptor Excisional Circles, Telomere Length, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals after 18 Months of Treatment Induced Viral Suppression (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 57 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study evaluated the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced viral suppression on T-cell receptor excisional circles (TRECs), telomere length, proliferative responses and spontaneous as well as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte apoptosis in 27 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals followed for 18 months during HAART. Our results show that HAART significantly increased the level of TRECs in CD4+ cells (P = 0.003) after 18 months of almost continuously suppressed HIV-RNA levels. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and apoptosis levels in patients were significantly lower and significantly higher, respectively, compared with healthy controls. The proliferative response and apoptosis levels did not change during follow up. Changes in telomere length were observed in CD4+ and in CD8+ T cells. The study demonstrated that HAART induces normal TREC levels in the CD4+ T-cell pool. However, the other perturbed functions in T cells indicate that immune reconstitution is incomplete and may need longer viral suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01258.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Isoprinosine Treatment of HIV-Positive Patients on Blood Mononuclear Cell Subsets, NK- and T-Cell Function, Tumour Necrosis Factor, and Interleukins 1, 2, and 6 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 32 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The immunomodulatory drug isoprinosine has been found to delay the occurrence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals. To elucidate the mechanism of action, eight HIV-positive, healthy patients were treated with isoprinosine, 3 g/day for 28 days; six patients received no treatment but were examined in parallel, and two patients were withdrawn. All patients had blood collected just before the start as well as on days 14 and 28 of isoprinosine treatment.Isoprinosine significantly enhanced the lymphoproliferative response after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified derivative of tuberculin (PPD), while isoprinosine had no effect on the following immune parameters: the expression of surface markers on blood mononuclear cells including CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD25, leu-8, and HLA-DR. Furthermore isoprinosine did not influence the ability of interleukin 2 (IL-2) to stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes or the natural killer (NK) cell activity either unstimulated or stimulated in vitro with alpha interferon (IFN-α), IL-2. or indomethacin. Neither did isoprinosine affect the in vitro production of (IL-1) α or β, IL-2, IL-6. or tumour necrosis factor (TNF).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb03206.x
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