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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Norepinephrine Depletion in the Spinal Cord Gray Matter of Rats with Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 40 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were determined by radioenzymatic assay in discrete gray matter regions of the spinal cords of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Norepinephrine was depleted in most spinal cord regions of EAE rats compared with controls, whereas dopamine depletion in EAE rats was restricted to the cervical dorsal horn. There was a rostrocaudal gradient of norepinephrine reduction in the spinal cords of the EAE rats with most severe depletion in the lumbar region. The results of this experiment confirmed recent anatomical observations that suggested that catecholamine-fluorescent axons and terminals were damaged in spinal cords of rats with EAE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08156.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Improved Filtration Procedure for Measuring Opiate Receptors in Small Regions of Rat Brain (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 39 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A modified filtration method for in vitro receptor binding was used to determine specific binding of [3H]naloxone to small regions of adult rat brain. Reliable determinations of ligand binding were quantified with about 50 μg of protein per assay tube. Large differences in [3H]naloxone binding were obtained between various brain nuclei, and these differences were consistent with prior determinations of opiate receptor densities in various rat brain nuclei using autoradiographic techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb08015.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated testing attenuates conditioned place preference with cocaine (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned place preference ; Cocaine ; Partial reinforcement ; Drug reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine-treated rats acquired a preference for cocaine-associated contextual stimuli (CS) relative to saline-injected control rats. However, when animals were given repeated tests for conditioned place preference intermittent between conditioning trials, they displayed an attenuation in strength of conditioning. This attenuation was not due to pharmacologic tolerance (Experiment 1), but rather reflected a disruption in learning due to exposure to the CS alone (Experiment 2). Like other examples of classical conditioning, the strength of the conditioned response (CR) as assessed by the conditioned place preference model may be influenced by partial reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310636
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine-conditioned analgesia using a taste cue: dissociation of taste aversion and analgesia (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Lithium ; Conditioned taste aversion ; Analgesia ; Conditioned analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the ability of a taste cue to serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS) for conditioning the analgesic effect of morphine. Rats were given three pairings of a taste CS with a morphine unconditioned stimulus (US). As expected, there was a decrease in CS intake across repeated pairings, indicating that a conditioned taste aversion was obtained. More important, presentation of the CS alone also increased paw-lick latencies on a hot plate test (either 50°C or 54°C hot plate), suggesting that an analgesic conditioned response (CR) was obtained. The dose of morphine required to produce conditioned analgesia was higher than the dose of morphine required to produce conditioned taste aversion. Using 15 mg/kg morphine, however, both conditioned taste aversion and conditioned analgesia were present when the morphine US was given immediately following CS intake, but not when given 6 h following CS intake. In contrast to morphine, pairing a taste CS with lithium produced a conditioned taste aversion without any conditioned analgesic response. These results indicate that acquisition of an analgesic CR is not the result of stress induced by an aversion to the taste CS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244848
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned taste aversion and place preference with buspirone and gepirone (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 485-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buspirone ; Gepirone ; Diazepam ; Conditioned place preference ; Conditioned taste aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics buspirone and gepirone were compared to diazepam at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. Buspirone and gepirone produced stronger CTA than diazepam (3 and 10 mg/kg) across repeated conditioning trials, indicating that these nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics may have stronger aversive properties than diazepam. The effects of buspirone and gepirone (1 and 3 mg/kg) were also assessed using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Both buspirone (1 and 3 mg/kg) and gepirone (3 mg/kg only) produced CPP, indicating that these drugs may have rewarding properties, and that buspirone is more potent than gepirone in producing CPP. These findings demonstrate that buspirone and gepirone have affective properties similar to abused drugs, and may therefore have abuse potential. It was also demonstrated that buspirone (3 mg/kg), but not gepirone (3 mg/kg), increased dopamine (DA) synthesis in the nucleus accumbens, a mesolimbic brain area thought to be involved in drug reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244000
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locomotion and conditioned place preference produced by acute intravenous amphetamine: role of dopamine receptors and individual differences in amphetamine self-administration (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Amphetamine ; Dopamine ; Locomotor activity ; Conditioned place preference ; Self administration ; Dopamine receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although previous studies have shown that dopamine (DA) antagonists block amphetamine reward, these studies have utilized animal models that involve repeated exposures to amphetamine. The present investigation examined the effect of DA antagonists on single-trial conditioned place preference (CPP) produced by acute intravenous (IV) amphetamine in rats. In the first experiment, rats were prepared with a jugular catheter and then received an acute IV injection of amphetamine (0.1–3 mg/kg) paired with one compartment of a CPP apparatus. Relative to sham controls (no IV catheter), amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity and CPP. Two further experiments demonstrated that both effects of amphetamine were completely blocked by pretreating rats with the D1 DA antagonist SCH-23390 (0.025 and 0.25 mg/kg) or the D2 DA antagonist eticlopride (0.2 and 2 mg/kg) on the conditioning trial. In a final experiment, single-trial amphetamine CPP did not predict subsequent self-administration of IV amphetamine (10–50 µg/infusion) using either a fixed ratio (FR) 1 or progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Thus, while sharing a similar DA receptor mechanism, the present results indicate that single-trial CPP and self-administration are dissociable effects of IV amphetamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050917
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in locomotion and dopamine neurotransmission following amphetamine, haloperidol, and exposure to novel environmental stimuli (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 338-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Novelty ; Locomotor activity ; Dopamine ; Nigrostriatal system ; Mesolimbic system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Locomotor behavior and dopamine (DA) neurotransmission were assessed in rats exposed to either a novel or familiar stimulus environment while under the influence of amphetamine, haloperidol or saline. The behavioral results indicated that, as expected, amphetamine increased horizontal locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to novelty also increased horizontal activity, and this behavioral effect was disrupted by both amphetamine and haloperidol. Regardless of whether the animals were exposed to the novel or familiar stimulus environment, amphetamine increased DA synthesis in the nigrostriatal system, but not in the mesolimbic system, whereas haloperidol increased DA synthesis in both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems. Amphetamine also decreased DA metabolism and haloperidol increased DA metabolism in both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems. In contrast, exposure to novelty alone was without effect on DA synthesis or metabolism in any region examined, suggesting that novelty-induced hyperactivity and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity involve different neurochemical mechanisms. However, exposure to novelty while under the influence of haloperidol produced a significant increase in DA metabolism in both the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems. These latter results suggest that exposure to novelty may produce a measurable activation of DA systems when the autoreceptors involved in the negative feedback loop are blocked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244051
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated 7-OH-DPAT treatments: behavioral sensitization, dopamine synthesis and subsequent sensitivity to apomorphine and cocaine (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 125 (1996), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral sensitization ; Cross-sensitization ; 7-OH-DPAT ; Cocaine Locomotor activity ; Dopamine D2-type receptors ; Dopamine D3 receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male Wistar rats (250–350 g) were injected (SC) daily with the putative selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist, 7-OH-DPAT (0.01, 0.10, or 1.0 g/kg) or vehicle for 10 days. Fifteen minutes after each injection, the rats were tested for locomotor activity in photocell arenas for 20 min or 2 h. In two experiments, following this subchronic treatment, all rats received a challenge injection of apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg, SC), or cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) on day 11, and were tested for locomotor activity. In a third experiment, dopamine synthesis in striatal and mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens-olfactory turbercle) tissue was assessed following acute or chronic 7-OH-DPAT treatments by measuring the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after treatment with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. Major findings were as follows: a) acute 7-OH-DPAT treatment produced a dose-dependent decrease in locomotor activity; b) when tested for 2 h, the 1.0 mg/kg dose of 7-OH-DPAT produced a progressively greater increase in activity across the 10 test days (i.e., behavioral sensitization); c) subchronic treatment with 7-OH-DPAT did not result in cross-sensitization to either apomorphine or cocaine; d) acute treatment with the 1.0 mg/kg dose of 7-OH-DPAT significantly decreased dopamine synthesis in both striatal and mesolimbic regions; and e) chronic 7-OH-DPAT treatments did not affect basal dopamine synthesis in either brain region. Although the behavioral effects of 7-OH-DPAT were similar to the reported effects of the D2/D3 dopamine agonist quinpirole, the effects of repeated 7-OH-DPAT treatments differed from those of quinpirole in terms of cross-sensitization and basal dopamine synthesis. These results suggest that locomotor inhibition produced by low doses of 7-OH-DPAT is not related to dopamine autoreceptor stimulation, and the development of behavioral sensitization to high doses of 7-OH-DPAT is not due to the development of dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247390
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of morphine-conditioned hyperactivity is attenuated by naloxone and pimozide (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 314-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Classical conditioning ; Conditioned hyperactivity ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Pimozide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments assessed whether morphine-conditioned hyperactivity could be attenuated by either the opiate antagonist naloxone or the dopamine antagonist pimozide. Both of these antagonists were shown to block the unconditioned hyperactivity induced by 2 mg/kg morphine (Experiment 1). Rats were then conditioned by pairing this dose of morphine repeatedly with a distinctive environment (Experiment 2). Following several drug-environment pairings, rats displayed a hyperactive conditioned response (CR) when exposed to the environment in the absence of the drug. CR expression was counteracted by 1 mg/kg naloxone and was attenuated by pimozide (0.25, 0.33, and 0.4 mg/kg) in a dose-related manner. These findings suggest that the unconditioned and conditioned hyperactive responses produced by morphine may involve similar neuropharmacologic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187249
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naloxone enhances the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Conditioned place preference ; Locomotor activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the effects of naloxone on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Three groups of rats were given morphine (5 mg/kg, SC), both morphine and naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC), or saline paired with a distinctive environment. On alternating days they were given saline paired with another distinctive environment. After four exposures to each environment, the animals were given a preference test in which they had access to both environments simultaneously while under the influence of either naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC) or saline. Morphine-conditioned animals showed CPP evident as an increased amount of time spent in the drug-associated environment relative to saline controls. Rats given both naloxone and morphine during conditioning, and saline on the test day, did not show CPP. In contrast, morphine-conditioned animals given naloxone on the test day showed stronger CPP than morphine-conditioned animals given saline. These findings indicate that naloxone blocks the acquisition, but enhances the expression of morphine-induced CPP. In a separate experiment, the effects of naloxone on locomotor activity were determined during the CPP test. The results indicated that naloxone decreased locomotor activity. In morphine-conditioned animals only, naloxone also produced an increase in the amount of time per entry in the drug-associated environment. The results suggest that naloxone may enhance morphine-induced CPP by decreasing locomotor activity that may otherwise compete with expression of CPP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244406
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