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  • 1
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 81 (1981), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 17 (1976), S. 1167-1170 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 20 (1979), S. 3691-3694 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 150 (1977), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Muscle ; Innervation ; Fiber type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal innervation ratios were determined in normal porcine semitendinosus to test the hypothesis that intramuscular collateral branching of subterminal axons gives rise to fiber type grouping. Innervation ratios were near 1.00 in both the lateral pale portion which exhibits type II predominance and in the medial red portion which exhibits extensive grouping of type I fibers. Type grouping observed in porcine skeletal muscle is not the result of multi-fiber innervation by subterminal axons, but, rather, may be the manifestation of a unique motor unit topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pharmacokinetics ; Caucasians ; Repirinast ; Antiallergic drug ; single dose ; oral administration ; metabolite ; BAY w 8199
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of BAY w 8199, the active metabolite of the prodrug repirinast (BAY u 2372), has been investigated after oral administration of 150, 300 and 450 mg repirinast to twelve healthy male Caucasians. Plasma BAY w 8199 concentrations were very variable between subjects. The mean peak level (geom. mean; 1s-range) was 0.14 (0.08–0.25), 0.19 (0.13–0.29) and 0.24 (0.14–0.42) mg/l after the 150, 300 and 450 mg doses, respectively. Peak levels were reached 0.5–2.5 h after drug intake. Terminal half-lives were calculated as 5.9 h (150 mg), 8.0 h (300 mg) and 9.8 h (450 mg). The dose proportionality of the plasma profiles of BAY w 8199 and of its excretion in urine was demonstrated by testing several parameters. About 7.4% of each dose (calculated as BAY w 8199) was excreted in urine over 36 h. The renal clearance of about 27 l/h suggests that BAY w 8199 is excreted by tubular secretion in addition to glomerular filtration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer dreifachen Cross-over-Studie wurden Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin und Ofloxacin oral in einer Dosis von 200 mg an sechs Probanden verabreicht, um die Kinetik dieser Präparate in Relation zur bakteriziden Wirkung in Serum und Urin zu untersuchen. Die Serumkonzentrationen für Ciprofloxacin waren ähnlich denen von Norfloxacin und niedriger als mit Ofloxacin. Trotzdem zeigte Ciprofloxacin die höchsten bakteriziden Titer im Serum — als Testorganismus wurdeEscherichia coli C14 verwendet — im Vergleich zu Norfloxacin oder Ofloxacin, die etwa gleich wirksam waren. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Korrelation mit Beobachtungen bei Abtötungskurven in menschlichem Vollblut, wobei Ciprofloxacin eine überlegene bakterizide Wirkung zeigte im Vergleich zu Norfloxacin oder Ofloxacin. Die im Urin innerhalb 48 Stunden ausgeschiedenen Mengen an unveränderter Substanz betrugen 35%, 24% und 77% entsprechend für Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin und Ofloxacin, was auf ein unterschiedliches Ausscheidungsverhalten von Ofloxacin hinweist. Die Urinmengen in den einzelnen Sammelperioden lagen für alle drei Präparate in vergleichbaren Größenordnungen. Die mittleren Urinkonzentrationen waren für Ciprofloxacin in der 0–4-Stunden-Sammelperiode höher als für Norfloxacin oder Ofloxacin, während Ofloxacin über einen längeren Zeitraum im Urin ausgeschieden wurde. Die Messungen der bakteriziden Wirkung im Urin zeigen, daß Ciprofloxacin in den frühen Sammelperioden die höchsten Titer aufweist, während die längere Ausscheidung von Ofloxacin nicht zu höheren bakteriziden Titern führte im Vergleich zu Ciprofloxacin.
    Notes: Summary A 200 mg oral dose of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin or ofloxacin was administered to six healthy male volunteers in a three way cross-over study in order to examine the kinetics in humans in relation to the bactericidal activity in serum and urine. Serum concentrations for ciprofloxacin were similar to norfloxacin and lower than ofloxacin. Despite this fact, ciprofloxacin showed the highest serum bactericidal titers compared to norfloxacin and ofloxacin when serum-resistantEscherichia coli C14 was used as a test organism. These results correlate with observations from timekill curve studies in human whole blood, where ciprofloxacin showed superior bactericidal activity compared to norfloxacin or ofloxacin. The amounts of unchanged drug excreted in urine (48 h period) were found to be 35%, 24% and 77% for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin respectively, indicating different excretion kinetics. The volumes of urine excreted in the different collection periods were comparable for the three drugs tested. Mean urine concentrations for ciprofloxacin were higher during the 0 to 4 h collection periods, whereas ofloxacin was excreted into the urine over a longer time period. Measurements of urine bactericidal activity showed that ciprofloxacin hat the highest titers during the early collection periods, whereas the prolonged excretion of ofloxacin did not result in higher urine bactericidal titers, compared to ciprofloxacin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 10 (1991), S. 511-514 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The penetration of ciprofloxacin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 25 patients with non-inflamed meninges and in 9 patients with inflamed meninges was studied. In the patients with non-inflamed meninges plasma and CSF were obtained 1–10 h after the second dose of ciprofloxacin and in the patients with inflamed meninges 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 h after the second dose. In the first group (non-inflamed meninges) data from 6 patients were obtained 4, 5 and 6 h post-dose. Mean ciprofloxacin concentrations in the CSF ranged from 0.073 mg/l to 0.106 mg/l during this observation time, while in the second group (inflamed meninges) they ranged from 0.089 to 0.260 mg/l. These results demonstrate that ciprofloxacin diffuses into the CSF at concentrations which exceed the MICs ofNeisseria meningitidis and most gram-negative aerobic bacilli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 3 (1984), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin were studied in female and male volunteers following a single oral administration of 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg or 1000 mg. Serum and urine concentrations increased proportionally to the increasing dose administered but independently of sex. Twenty-five percent of the administered dose was excreted in the urine as unmetabolized ciprofloxacin within the first 24 hours after oral administration. Renal clearance averaged 5 ml/min × kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 3 (1984), S. 355-359 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867) was examined after a single oral dose of 250 mg and a single intravenous dose of 100 mg respectively in six healthy male volunteers in an open, randomized crossover study. Although ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured in serum, plasma and urine by HPLC with fluorimetric detection and by microbiological assay, all pharmacokinetic calculations are based on the highly sensitive HPLC method only. The mean serum concentration of ciprofloxacin peaked approximately1 h after the oral dose (0.94 mg/l). The elimination half-life was about 4 h and the renal clearance was 4.75 ml/min·kg; both were independent of the route of administration. The total clearance (9.62 ml/min·kg) was about twofold higher than the renal clearance. The volume of distribution of the central compartment was calculated to be 0.16 l/kg and the total volume at steady state was 2.0 l/kg. About 27 % of the oral dose was excreted in urine, whereas the urinary recovery of the i.v. dose was 46 %. The absolute bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was found to be approximately 60 %. Ciprofloxacin appears to follow first-order, three compartment model kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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