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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYPOXIC SURVIVAL OF NORMOGLYCAEMIC YOUNG ADULT AND ADULT MICE IN RELATION TO CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATES (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 26 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hypoxic tolerance and the cerebral metabolic rates (CMR) of young adult mice (20 to 25 g, 4 to 5 weeks old) and adult mice (30 g and above, 6 to 7 weeks old), respectively, were determined and their interrelationship was evaluated. CMRs increased from 25 mmol - P/kg.min to 38 mmol/kg.min as the animals grew older from young to full adulthood. Concurrently the tolerance to aerogcnic hypoxia (5% O2-95%j N2) declined. The effects of hypoxia on the cerebral energy metabolism were greater in adult than in young adult animals. It is concluded that the full metabolic maturation of the brain is reached in adult animals only. They become more dependent on an adequate oxygen supply as the aerobic activity of the energy metabolism of the brain is further increasing.Hypoxic gasping occurred while the pool of cerebral energy reserves was still far from being depleted. A failure to utilize energy reserves rather than their exhaustion is suggested as the ultimate cause of death from hypoxia. An acid-soluble form of glycogen or related polyglucan was found in addition to the usual amounts of insoluble glycogen. It was utilizcd rapidly during hypoxia and ischaemic anoxia and it may, therefore, constitute an additional source of carbohydrate substrates in thc brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb07017.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A template for the rapid measurement of Rf-values in thin-layer chromatography (1967)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 23 (1967), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Schablone zur direkten Messung von Rf-Werten auf Dünnschichtplatten wird beschrieben, deren Ausführung den Besonderheiten der Dünnschichtchromatographie angepasst ist. Mit Hilfe dieser Schablone konnte die Auswertung von Chromatogrammen vereinfacht und wesentlich beschleunigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02135980
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of oligodendroglia and Schwann cell markers in human nervous system tumors (1992)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1992), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuro-oncology ; Myelin basic protein (MBP) ; Myclin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) ; HNK-1/Leu-7 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Western blot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixty tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system and seven brain metastases of extracranial carcinomas were examined using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to study the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and the HNK-1/Leu-7 epitope. The immunocytochemical findings were compared with and correlated to Western blot results. None of the tumor types, including oligodendrogliomas, neurinomas and neurofibromas, expressed MAG and MBP, whereas myelin sheaths and their remnants within the tumors yielded specific immunoreactions. In contrast, the HNK-1/Leu-7 antibodies labelled the majority of the tumors tested including oligodendrogliomas and Schwann cell tumors. As demonstrated by Western blot experiments the HNK-1/anti-Leu-7 antibodies exhibited positive reactions with diverse polypeptides both in tumors and in non-neoplastic brain tissue at positions not corresponding to MAG. This suggests that the epitope recognized by HNK-1/Leu-7 antibodies is shared by a variety of unrelated proteins in normal and neoplastic tissues. Our results strongly indicate the absence of detectable amounts of MBP and MAG in oligodendrogliomas and Schwann cell tumors. The immunomorphological and immunochemical findings clearly showed the wide distribution of the HNK-1 epitope within different tumor types of the central and peripheral nervous system. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that specific cell markers for human oligodendrogliomas and Schwann cell tumors are still lacking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296791
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impaired maturation of Purkinje cells in the fetal alcohol syndrome of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 54 (1981), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fetal alcohol syndrome ; Rat ; Liquid diet ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alcohol was administed in a vitaminsupplemented liquid diet (Stardit) to Wistar rats 4 weeks before mating and during pregnancy. Of the daily calories 38–40% were supplied by alcohol and by isocaloric sucrose in the controls. Offspring of alcohol drinking dams showed a reduced birth weight and gained weight less rapidly than the controls. On day 3, 4, 7, 12, 17 and 21, experimental animals and controls were perfused for histological and electron microscopic investigations. Morphometric analysis of the cerebella (Fol. 5 and Fol. 8) showed no difference in the number of Purkinje cells. However, on day 7 the Purkinje cell nuclei of experimental pups were significantly smaller. This difference disappeared at day 12. Electron microscopic investigations in the 4, 7, and 12 days old experimental animals revealed a delayed cytoplasmic maturation of Purkinje cells which mainly involved the rough endoplasmic reticulum. At 17 days, there was no difference between the two groups. These data are discussed in relation to alcohol-induced metabolic changes in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691329
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creatine of mouse brain: Evidence of active uptake from blood (1969)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 25 (1969), S. 796-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Mäusen wurde die Verteilung von Kreatin-1-14C zwischen Plasma und Gehirn nach einer einmaligen i.v. Gabe von Kreatin-1-14C untersucht. Ein Fliessgleichgewicht stellte sich 36–48 h nach Verabreichung der Substanz ein, wobei Kreatin gegen ein Konzentrationsgefälle aus dem Plasma in das Gehirn übertritt. Während dieser Zeit war die Radioaktivität im Gehirngewebe um das 20fache höher als im Plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01897881
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of 6-amino-nicotinamide on the tolerance of mice to hypoxic hypoxia (1974)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 1065-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine einmalige Injektion von 6-Aminonicotinamid (6-ANA) steigerte die Sauerstoffman-gelresistenz von Mäusen in einer Atmosphäre mit 5% O2 und 95% N2. Hyperglykämie und Hypothermie, systemische Wirkungen von 6-ANA, konnten als Ursachen der gesteigerten Resistenz ausgeschlossen werden. Es wird deswegen vermutet, dass 6-ANA die anaerobe Utilisation von Glucose im Gehirn fördert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01939013
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Bedeutung von Plasmakreatin und neurologischen Erkrankungen für den Kreatingehalt im Liquor cerebrospinalis beim Menschen (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 201 (1972), S. 310-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Creatine, Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die individuell-vergleichende Gegenüberstellung des Kreatingehaltes im Serum und Liquor cerebrospinalis bei „Normalpersonen“ und bei Patienten mit neurologischen Erkrankungen zeigte, daß für den Kreatingehalt im Liquor keine gesetzmäßige Abhängigkeit von der Höhe des Kreatinspiegels im Plasma besteht. Abgesehen von experimentell erzeugten extremen Erhöhungen kann deshalb der Plasmakreatinspiegel bei der Beurteilung der Kreatinkonzentration im Liquor außer acht gelassen werden. Bei Patienten mit verschiedenen neurologischen Erkrankungen des ZNS war der durchschnittliche Kreatingehalt im Liquor erniedrigt. Davon unterschieden sich als einheitliche Gruppe Patienten mit amyotrophischer Lateralsklerose, die ohne Ausnahme einen erhöhten Kreatingehalt im Liquor aufwiesen. Die Bestimmung des Kreatingehaltes im Liquor könnte bei dieser Erkrankung diagnostische Bedeutung gewinnen, wenn sich die hier beobachtete Erhöhung des Kreatinspiegels bei einer größeren Anzahl von Patienten bestätigen sollte. Aus den Ergebnissen kann gefolgert werden, daß das Kreatin im Liquor zwar primär aus dem peripheren Blut stammt, seine Konzentration jedoch durch Faktoren reguliert wird, die im Bereich des zentralnervösen Parenchyms und seiner Grenzflächen mit dem Blut zu suchen sind und für eine Homöostase von Kreatin in Liquor, Extracellulärflüssigkeit und zentralnervösem Gewebe sorgen.
    Notes: Summary By comparing to each other the creatine content of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in individual “normal” subjects and patients with various neurological disorders creatine of CSF was shown not to be quantitatively related to the concentration of plasma creatine in a consistent way. Therefore the creatine content of plasma may be disregarded in evaluating the creatine concentration of CSF, except for extremely high experimentally produced plasma concentrations (e.g. creatine 2 g by mouth). The average creatine content of CSF was lowered in patients with various neurological disorders. In contrast, increased levels of CSF creatine were found in a group of 8 patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The determination of CSF creatine therefore appears to be of diagnostic value in this disease and its validity should be tested in a larger number of patients. It is concluded that creatine present in CSF is taken up from blood to an extent that is controlled by factors inherent in the central nervous system and its interfaces, and it is suggested that these factors account for a homeostasis of creatine in CSF, central nervous tissue and its extracellular fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316236
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Säulen-chromatographische Vielfachanalyse von Kreatin und Kreatinphosphat in Gewebsextrakten (1970)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 252 (1970), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Bestimmung der spezifischen Aktivität von Kreatin, Kreatinphosphat und Kreatinin in Körperflüssigkeiten und Gewebsextrakten wurde eine säulen-chromatographische Methode entwickelt. Die Trennung erfolgt durch Passage des neutralen Extraktes über einen schwach sauren Kationenaustauscher (Amberlite CG 50); Kreatinin wird hierbei vollständig retiniert, während Kreatin durch Aqua bidest. als Waschflüssigkeit von der Säule eluiert wird. Mit dem gleichen Verfahren kann die Trennung von Kreatin-phosphat und Kreatin erzielt werden, wenn die Säule auf +8°C gekühlt wird. Eine einfache Vorrichtung erlaubt in Verbindung mit einem geeigneten Fraktionssammler die gleichzeitige Elution mehrerer Säulen (bis zu 10). Dieses Verfahren kann unter Einschaltung weiterer Bausteine (z. B. Proportionierpumpen, Probennehmer etc.) in mehreren Stufen bis zu einem automatischen System für säulen-chromatographische Vielfachanalysen ausgebaut werden.
    Notes: Abstract A method for determining the specific activities of creatine, phosphocreatine and creatinine of body fluids and tissue extracts by column chromatography was developed. When passing neutral extracts through a weak cationic ion exchange resin (Amberlite CG 50) creatinine will be retained by the column while creatine readily appears upon further washing of the column with distilled water. By cooling the column to +8°C the creatine portion may be separated into one containing phosphocreatine followed by creatine. To increase the number of analyses a device was designed allowing the simultaneous operation of up to ten columns in conjunction with a suitable fraction collector (i. e. UltroRac, LKB). The possibilities of making this a fully automatic system by incorporating additional modules such as proportioning pumps, sample aspirator etc. are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546374
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolierung und gas-chromatographische Analyse flüchtiger organischer Substanzen aus biologischem Material (1968)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 243 (1968), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Isolierung von niedrigsiedenden Kohlenwasserstoffen aus wäßrigen Lösungen und biologischem Material (Serum, Gewebshomogenaten) und deren gas-chromatographische Bestimmung wurde eine Kühlfalle nach dem Prinzip der Kühlfingers verwendet. Die Wiederfindung von 6 chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (Dichlormethan, Chloroform, Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,2-Dichloräthan, Trichloräthylen) lag zwischen 70 und 100%. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode ist es möglich, aus Probenmengen von 0,1–0,2 ml Konzentrationen von 0,1–0,001%. nachzuweisen. Als Beispiel für die Anwendung dieser Methode wurden die Konzentrationen von 1,2-Dichloräthan im Blut, Leber und Gehirn der Ratte nach cutaner Applikation eines Linimentes untersucht, das zu 85% 1,2-Dichloräthan enthält. Zur Zeit der stärksten Wirkung dieser Substanz (narkoseähnlicher Zustand 4 min nach Applikation) wurde eine Verteilung zwischen Gehirn und Blut von 1,7 gemessen.
    Notes: Abstract A cold spot condenser was devised and employed to isolate small quantities of volatile material from aqueous solutions and biological material for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography. The recovery of 6 chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds (dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloro-ethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and trichloroethylene) from serum, brain and liver was investigated. Recovery from biological material ranged from 70 to 100%, and concentrations as low as 0.001%. are detectable in 0.1 to 0.2 ml specimens. The use of this method was illustrated by measuring 1,2-dichloroethane in blood, and homogenates of brain and liver of rats treated with a single cutaneous dose of a topical analgesic containing 85% of 1,2-dichloroethane as active ingredient. 4 min after the administration when the effects on the animal (deep drowsiness) were strongest, 1,2-dichloroethane was found to accumulate in brain and liver tissue, the distribution ratio between brain and blood being 1.7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00530707
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