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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meteorology and haze structure during AGASP-II, Part 2: Canadian Arctic flights, 13–16 April 1986 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 49-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Arctic pollution ; aerosols ; condensation nuclei ; extinction coefficient ; AGASP ; polar meteorology ; Alert ; N.W.T.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In April 1986, a well-instrumented NOAA WP-3D research aircraft conducted three flights in the Canadian Arctic tied to the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service baseline station in Alert, Northwest Territories. Two of the flights were coordinated with the National Aeronautical Establishment of Canada Twin Otter and the University of Washington C-131 research aircraft. The haze observed in the Canadian Arctic was well-aged and mixed throughout the troposphere in concentrations well below those observed during the previous weeks in the Alaskan Arctic. Over the ice, beneath the surface temperature inversion, ozone was generally depleted to near zero. Over the coast at Alert, there is evidence that topography and downslope winds reduce the strength of the inversion, thus allowing lower tropospheric gases and aerosols to mix down to the surface. At the top of the troposphere, an aerosol-depleted region was observed. In the lower stratosphere, aerosol concentrations were elevated above those observed in the troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052824
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface aerosol measurements at Barrow during AGASP-II (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 213-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Barrow ; Arctic ; extinction coefficient ; condensation nuclei ; nephelometer ; aethalometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Measurements at Barrow during the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II), conducted in April 1986, showed no rapid long-range transport from lower-latitude source regions to Barrow, and only limited vertical transport from above the boundary layer to the surface. New aerosol size distribution measurements in the 0.005–0.1 μm diameter size range using a Nuclepore-filter diffusion battery apparatus showed a median diameter of about 0.01 μm during times of high condensation nucleus (CN) concentrations. Aerosol black carbon concentrations exceeding 400 ng m−3 were detected at the surface and were more strongly correlated with CN concentrations than with aerosol scattering extinction (σsp), suggesting that aerosol carbon was generally associated with small particles rather than large particles. Measurements at Barrow during AGASP-I, conducted in March–April 1983, showed a series of aerosol events detected at the ground that were caused by rapid long-range transport paths to the vicinity of Barrow from Eurasia. These events were strongly correlated with aerosol loading in the vertical column (optical depth).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052833
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations among combustion effluent species at Barrow, Alaska: Aerosol black carbon, carbon dioxide, and methane (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 283-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP II) continuous measurements of atmospheric aerosol black carbon (BC) were made at the NOAA/GMCC observatory at Barrow, Alaska (71°19′N, 156°36′W) during the period March 21–April 22, 1986. Black carbon is produced only by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials and so is a particularly useful atmospheric indicator of anthropogenic activities. The BC data have been analyzed together with the concurrent measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and condensation nuclei (CN) that are routinely made at the observatory. All four species showed elevated and highly variable concentrations due to local human activities, principally in the township of Barrow, 7 km to the southwest, and at the DEW Line radar installation 1 km to the northwest. We distinguish between those periods of the record that are affected by local activities and those that are not, on the basis of the short-term (periods of up to 1 hour) variability of the continuous CO2 and CN records, with large short-term variabilities indicating local sources. We identified seven periods of time (events) with durations ranging from 13 to 37 hours when the BC, CO2, and CH4 concentrations changed smoothly over time, were highly correlated with each other, and were not influenced by local activities. These events had BC/CO2 ratios in the range (50–103)×10−6. These ratios are dimensionless since we convert the CO2 concentrations to units of ng m−3 of carbon. Such values of BC/CO2 are characteristic of the combustion effluent from large installations burning heavy fuel oil or coal, automobiles, and domestic-scale natural gas usage. We conclude that these events are indicative of air masses that have been polluted with combustion emissions in a distant location and then transported to the Arctic. In the absence of species-selective loss mechanisms, these air masses will maintain their combustion effluent signatures during the transport. The BC/CO2 ratios found for the local combustion activities are consistent with those expected from known combustion processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052838
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOAA WP-3D instrumentation and flight operations on AGASP-II (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Arctic haze ; AGASP-II ; Arctic airborne atmospheric measurements ; aircraft gas and aerosol sampling systems ; Arctic flight operations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) was conducted across the non-Soviet Arctic in March and April 1986, to study the aerosol, gaseous, chemical, and optical properties of Arctic haze. One component of the program was supported with an instrumented NOAA WP-3D atmospheric research aircraft. Measurements of wind, temperature, ozone, water vapor, condensation nucleus concentration, and aerosol scattering extinction coefficient were used to determine the locations and properties of haze layers. The first three NOAA WP-3D research flights were conducted north of Barrow, Alaska, and over the Beaufort Sea northeast of Barter Island, Alaska. The next three sampled conditions in the high Arctic near Alert, Northwest Territories, Canada. All basic meteorological, gas, and aerosol systems are described. The WP-3D flight tracks and operations are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052822
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meteorology and haze structure during AGASP-II, Part 1: Alaskan Arctic flights, 2–10 April 1986 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 17-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Arctic Pollution ; Arctic Meteorology ; Long Range Transport ; Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program ; Aerosol Scattering Extinction ; Condensation Nuclei ; Atmospheric Ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) was conducted across the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic in April 1986, to study the in situ aerosol, and the chemical and optical properties of Arctic haze. The NOAA WP-3D aircraft, with special instrumentation added, made six flights during AGASP-II. Measurements of wind, pressure, temperature, ozone, water vapor, condensation nuclei (CN) concentration, and aerosol scattering extinction (bsp) were used to determine the location of significant haze layers. The measurements made on the first three flights, over the Arctic Ocean north of Barrow and over the Beaufort Sea north of Barter Island, Alaska are discussed in detail in this report of the first phase of AGASP II. In the Alaskan Arctic the WP-3D detected a large and persistent region of haze between 960 and 750 mb, in a thermally stable layer, on 2, 8, and 9 April 1986. At its most dense, the haze contained CN concentrations 〉10,000 cm−3 and bsp of 80×10−6 m−1 suggesting active SO2 to H2SO4 gas-to-particle conversion. Calculations based upon observed SO2 concentrations and ambient relative humidities suggest that 104–105 small H2SO4 droplets could have been produced in the haze layers. High concentrations of sub-micron H2SO4 droplets were collected in haze. Ozone concentrations were 5–10 ppb higher in the haze layers than in the surrounding troposphere. Outside the regions of haze, CN concentrations ranged from 100 to 400 cm−3 and bsp values were about (20–40)×10−6 m−1. Air mass trajectories were computed to depict the air flow upwind of regions in which haze was observed. In two cases the back trajectories and ground measurements suggested the source to be in central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052823
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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