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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Rana esculenta ; Nervus pinealis ; Wallerian degeneration ; Satellite cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Nervus pinealis von Rana esculenta wurde der Verlauf der Wallerschen Degeneration nach Durchtrennung des Nervenstrangs unterhalb des Stirnorgans studiert. 30 Std nach der Läsion tritt im distalen Stumpf der markhaltigen Nervenfasern eine Anhäufung von Glykogen auf; granulär-vakuolige Veränderungen zeigen diese Faserabschnitte am 4. Tag. Veränderungen der Myelinscheide beginnen am 7. postoperativen Tag an den Innenlamellen und greifen dann auf die ganze Markscheide über. Die Desintegration der einzelnen markhaltigen Fasern eines Nervus pinealis verläuft verschieden schnell; nach 25 Tagen ist sie an den meisten Fasern abgeschlossen. Am 7. Tag sind die ersten Veränderungen an den marklosen Fasern zu beobachten. Dabei werden die peripher in der Hüllzelle liegenden Fasern durch Retraktion des Hüllzellzytoplasmas ins Interstitium ausgestoßen und gehen dort zugrunde. Die mehr zentral in den Hüllzellen lokalisierten Fasern bleiben hingegen vom Hüllplasma umgeben. Die Degeneration dieser marklosen Elemente ist nach 14 Tagen abgeschlossen; es resultiert ein mit homogenem Inhalt geringer Elektronendichte gefüllter Kanal, der auf Querschnittsbildern eine Vakuole vortäuscht. Weiterhin ist für den degenerierenden Nervus pinealis eine starke Fibrosierung sowie der Schwund der intra- und perineuralen Lymphspalten charakteristisch. Nach etwa 60 Tagen treten im distalen Nervenstumpf von Büngnerschen Bändern umgebene marklose Nervenfasern auf. Dieses Auswachsen von Nervenfasern bestätigt elektrophysiologische Ergebnisse von Morita (s. Dodt und Morita, 1967), daß im Nervus pinealis erregungsleitende Elemente in beide Richtungen ziehen (frontofugale und frontopetale Fasern). Bindegewebsstrukturen, Degenerationsablauf und Strukturbild der Hüllzellen lassen den Nervus pinealis als peripheren Nerven erscheinen.
    Notes: Summary Wallerian degeneration was studied in the pineal nerve of Rana esculenta with the electron microscope after transection of the nerve beneath the frontal organ. 30 hours after the operation an accumulation of glycogen was found in the distal stump of the myelinated axons. Four days after interruption these axons displayed signs of granular and vaculoar disintegration. Myelin sheath changes started at the seventh day after the operation at the level of the inner lamellae and were subsequently followed by changes in the outer lamellar systems. The velocity of disintegration varied for individual myelinated fibers. 25 days after transection of the pineal nerve most of its myelinated fibers were completely degenerated. Initial changes of the unmyelinated fibers were recognized at the seventh postoperative day. Fibers located peripherally in the satellite cell were exposed by retraction of the satellite cytoplasm and degenerated rapidly. On the other hand, unmyelinated fibers which were located more centrally remained within the satellite cell and completed their degeneration only after 14 days. The residual structure observed was a channel occupied by a homogeneous material of low electron density. The number of collagen fibers increased and the intra- and perineural lymph spaces were obliterated in the distal nerve stump. Approximately 60 days after the operation chains of satellite cells and unmyelinated nerve fibers reappeared in the distal nerve stump. This result confirms the electrophysiological data of Morita (cf. Dodt and Morita, 1967) that nerve fibers run in both directions within the pineal nerve (i.e. they are frontofugal and frontopetal with respect to the frontal organ). The properties of the connective tissue between the pineal nerve fibers, the pattern of degeneration and the fine structure of the satellite cells suggest that the pineal nerve of Rana esculenta has the structure of a peripheral nerve rather than that of a central nervous tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 70 (1927), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 70 (1927), S. 214-226 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, dass die nach dem D. A. B. ausgeführte jodometrische Eisen(III)salzbestimmung um 1–2% zu hohe Werte liefert. Bei Befolgung der von uns verwendeten, auf S. 218 beschriebenen Arbeits weise lässt sich der durch den Luftsauerstoff bedingte Fehler vollkommen ausschalten. Diese etwas zeitraubende Bestimmungsweise unter Luftabschluss lässt sich für praktische Zwecke dadurch umgehen; dass man den nach dem D. A. B. erhaltenen Überwert durch einige Bestimmungen unter Luftabschluss einmal feststellt und bei den weiteren Bestimmungen in Abzug bringt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 69 (1926), S. 145-165 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 70 (1927), S. 97-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die jodometrische Bestimmung von Bleiarsenat nachgeprüft und (auf S. 106/107) eine Methode angegeben, die sichere Werte ergibt. Der Einfluss des Luftsauerstoffs ist bei Einhaltung der angegebenen Versuchsbedingungen so gering, dass eine ihn berücksichtigende Korrektur nur bei besonders genauen Bestimmungen und bei der Bestimmung sehr kleiner Mengen Arsenat nötig ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 5500-5508 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new model has been developed to describe the α-quartz to stishovite phase transition in silica under shock-loading conditions. During hydrodynamic simulations, individual global equations of state for the α-quartz and stishovite phases of silica are mixed in accordance with process-dependent constraints on the Gibbs free energy difference between the phases (ΔG). For the shock-induced transition, ΔG is required to equal a simple two parameter function of the mass fraction of stishovite. Unlike previous models, the new constraint equation assumes that the shock induced phase transition begins at the equilibrium phase boundary, but is not completed unless peak stresses on the order of 40 GPa are achieved. On release, the reverse transition is required to satisfy the usual thermodynamic equilibrium condition (ΔG=0). It is shown that hydrodynamic simulations combining this hysteretic phase transition model with a strength model that assumes partial softening after yielding are capable of reproducing experimental Hugoniot and release data for crystalline silica in the mixed-phase region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 2332-2336 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The polarization reversal process of tetragonal Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films has been intensively studied using conventional hysteresis and rectangle pulse measurements. Decreasing the voltage level of the pulses significantly slows down the polarization switching to the range of milliseconds. The switching current response shows a Curie–von Schweidler behavior over a broad time range. The transient current and the frequency dependence of the P–V loops of these films compared to the properties of ferroelectric single crystals show some similarities but also significant differences. The theoretical models of the classical ferroelectric phase transition and especially the conditions of the pulse measurements in single crystals and thin films are discussed. It leads to the conclusion that it is not the domain wall structure and domain wall motion that determine the polarization reversal but dissipative polarization processes which can take place in both ferroelectric and nonferroelectric high-k dielectric thin films. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aging behavior of the solid-solution series (Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3)1−x–(PbTiO3)x (PMN1−x−PTx) prepared by chemical-solution deposition without seeding layers was investigated. A strong influence of the rapid thermal annealing step on the film density was determined. The best nucleation and density of the thin films occurred when each deposited layer was separately pyrolyzed and crystallized. The thin-film microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Conventional capacitance-voltage and hysteresis measurements were performed. For the first time, investigations on the fatigue performance and the leakage current for alternating-current and direct-current voltage were executed, which are important for the reliability in device applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5155-5165 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A recently developed model for simulating the dynamic behavior of silicate materials is applied to the loading and unloading properties of granite. Four time-resolved wave profile measurements on granite are presented and used to supplement Hugoniot data to constrain the model. This model is based on a dynamic process-dependent description of phase mixing. In the solid–solid mixed-phase region, the loading states are determined from a simple two-parameter constraint equation which relates the mass fraction of the high pressure phase λ to the Gibbs free-energy difference between the phases ΔG. On release, the reverse phase transition is modeled as a two-stage transition with each stage described by a two-parameter equation with the same form as the loading equation. In all four of the simulations, the loading behavior of the shock-wave experiment is well represented. For three of the experiments the release behavior is accurately simulated up to the point at which the measured interface speed reaches its first minimum. For the remaining experiment the simulation matches only the earliest release behavior and then rapidly deviates from the measured data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6332-6337 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of nitrogen doping on the electrical properties of polycrystalline diamond films has been studied. The films were prepared in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition process using a H2/CH4/N2 gas mixture. The CH4 concentration was held constant at 0.5% and the nitrogen to carbon atomic ratio was varied between 0.01 and 0.2. The phase purities, surface morphologies, and the nitrogen contents of the films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy, respectively. From current-voltage characteristics at field strengths up to 106 V cm−1 and in the temperature range between 300 and 800 K the conductivity was determined. The dielectric strength was obtained from the breakdown voltage measured using a voltage ramping rate between 50 and 100 V s−1. A minimum in high field and high-temperature conductivity and a maximum in dielectric strength was found for the samples prepared with a nitrogen to carbon atomic ratio of 0.02. Compared with nitrogen free samples the conductivity is lowered by more than three orders of magnitude and the dielectric strength is enhanced by a factor of two. The results will be discussed in terms of compensation of acceptor states by nitrogen donors and structural changes of the films. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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