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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 197 (1963), S. 381-382 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] W. Johnson et al.2 have given clinical evidence that BSH is an effective inhibitor of isoniazide inactivation. It is known that this inactivation is the result of acetylation of isoniazide3. On the other hand, it is known that acetic acid is a precursor of cholesterol in the rat4 and the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin dependent diabetes ; insulin independent diabetes ; familial occurrence of diabetes mellitus ; familial occurrence of coronary heart disease ; familial occurrence of hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During an epidemiological study concerning the fate of diabetics in Warsaw, 2,356 subjects (aged 35–68 years with duration of diabetes mellitus of 3–11 years) were investigated with particular relevance to the presence of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and hypertension in their parents and siblings. Diabetics were classified into the following groups: insulin dependent, insulin independent nonobese, insulin independent obese, and a group in whom the distinction between insulin dependence and insulin independence was unclear. The findings in these groups were compared with the frequencies of these diseases in a random sample of the general population. There was an excess of diabetes in close relatives of all the diabetic groups. This was highest for insulin independent non-obese diabetics. There was no difference in the prevalence of coronary heart disease and hypertension in close relatives of insulin dependent diabetics when compared with the general population, but these were twice as prevalent in close relatives of the insulin independent non-obese group. Obese insulin independent diabetics reported a similar excess of coronary heart disease and hypertension in siblings, but the excess was less marked in parents. The prevalence of these diseases in families of probands with unclassified diabetes was intermediate between the other two groups. These results demonstrate an aggregation of diabetes mellitus with coronary heart disease and hypertension in families of insulin independent non-obese diabetics. This provides further evidence for heterogeneity in diabetes mellitus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; mortality ; coronary heart disease ; cerebrovascular disease ; hypoglycaemic therapy ; cohort studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 5210 diabetic patients revealed a mortality rate 1.3 times higher than in the general population of Warsaw. The higher death rate in the cohort under study was mainly due to an excess mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The excess mortality was greater in men than in women. The risk of death from cardiovascular diseases was higher among the patients with early onset diabetes. Mortality from cerebrovascular disease was highest in patients treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral drugs, and lowest in the group treated only with diet. The mortality ratio from coronary heart disease in men was not related to the method of hypoglycaemic therapy given at the onset or during the course of the diabetes. In women, the highest mortality was in the group treated with insulin, intermediate in the group treated with oral agents, and lowest in the group treated with diet only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; cirrhosis ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; oral glucose tolerance test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The levels of proinsulin, immunoreactive insulin, true insulin (calculated from the difference, namely immunoreactive insulin-proinsulin) and C-peptide were determined in the fasting state and during a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test after administration of 100 g of glucose in 12 patients with cirrhosis with normal oral glucose tolerance test (50 g) and in 12 healthy subjects serving as controls. In the patients with cirrhosis the serum levels of proinsulin and immunoreactive insulin were significantly higher in the fasting state and after glucose loading than in the healthy subjects. The serum level of true insulin was also higher in the patients with cirrhosis, but the difference was less pronounced and only significant at a few of the time points. The serum level of C-peptide was very similar in both groups. These results emphasize that cirrhosis is a condition in which the serum proinsulin level is raised and that this hyperproinsulinaemia contributes greatly to the increased immunoreactive insulin levels observed in patients with this disease.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans un groupe de malades atteints de diabète juvénile, évoluant depuis plus de 10 ans, sans affections manifestes du foie ou des voies biliaires, on a effectué les recherches suivantes: 1. cholécystographie, 2. détermination du temps de contraction du sphincter de Lütkens et du sphincter d'Oddi, 3. détermination du temps de contraction de la vésicule biliaire, 4. détermination du temps d'apparition de BSP dans la bile C. En comparaison avec le groupe témoin (groupe de contrôle), on a constaté: un défaut beaucoup plus fréquent de la contraction de la vésicule biliaire (47% des cas), l'allongement du temps de la contraction du sphincter deLutkens (82.5%), l'allongement du temps d'écoulement de la bile vésiculaire (70.6%), ainsi que l'allongement de l'apparition de BSP dans la bile C (58.8%). La confrontation des valeurs moyennes montre chez les malades atteints de diabète, un allongement marqué: du temps de contraction du sphincter deLütkens (8 min ∶ 4 min), du temps d'écoulement de la bile vésiculaire (28 ∶ 18), ainsi que du temps de l'apparition de BSP dans la bile C (24 ∶ 19). Les résultats obtenus permettent de constater l'apparition plus fréquente de l'hypotonie de la vésicule biliaire chez les malades avec un diabète de longue durée. Cette perturbation du fonctionnement de la vésicule biliaire semble être une complication spécifique du diabète, semblable à d'autres troubles fonctionnels du tube digestif, constatés au cours du diabète.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Gruppe von Patienten mit juvenilem Diabetes mellitus, der mehr als 10 Jahre andauerte und ohne manifeste Erkrankungen der Leber bzw. der Gallenwege verlief, wurden folgende Untersuchungen durchgeführt: — 1. Cholezystographie, 2. Bestimmung der Kontraktionszeit des Lütkens- und des Oddi-Sphinkters, 3. Bestimmung der Kontraktionszeit der Gallenblase, 4. Bestimmung der Erscheinungszeit des Bromsulphalein in der C-Galle. Der Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe ergab: eine bedeutend häufigere Verlängerung der Kontraktionszeit der Gallenblase bei 47% der Fälle, eine Verlängerung der Ausflußzeit der B-Galle bei 70.6%, eine Verlängerung der Kontraktionszeit des Lütkens-Sphinkters bei 82.5%, sowie eine Verlängerung der Erscheinungszeit von BSP in der C-Galle bei 58.8%. Die Zusammenstellung der Mittelwerte weist bei Diabetikern eine signifikante Verlängerung auf: der Kontraktionszeit des Lütkens-Sphinkters auf 8 Min. zu 4 Min., der Ausflußzeit der B-Galle auf 28 zu 18, sowie der Erscheinungszeit von BSP in der C-Galle auf 24 zu 19. — Die erhaltenen Resultate gestatten die Feststellung, daß bei Kranken mit langdauerndem Diabetes mellitus eine Hypotonie der Gallenblase auftritt. Diese Funktionsstörung der Gallenblase scheint eine ähnliche spezifische Komplikation des Diabetes zu sein, wie es auch andere Funktionsstörungen der Verdauungsorgane sind, die im Gefolge der Zukkerkrankheit beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary In a group of patients with juvenile-onset diabetes of over 10 years duration without known liver and bile duct diseases the following examinations were performed: 1. cholecystography; 2. measurement of the time of contractation of the Lütkens' and Oddi's sphincters; 3. measurement of the time of gall-bladder contraction; 4. measurement of the time of BSP appearing in the bile. Compared with the control group, there was a markedly more frequent impairment of gall-bladder contraction (in 47 percent of cases), as well as prolongation of the time ofLütkens' sphincter contraction (82.5 percent), prolongation of the time of the efflux of bile from the gall-bladder (70.6 percent) and prolongation of the bile BSP time (58.8 percent). The calculated means have shown in diabetic patients a significant prolongation of the Lütkens' sphincter contraction (8 min ∶ 4 min), of the time of the efflux of bile from the gall-bladder (28 ∶ 18) and of the bile-BSP time (24 ∶ 19). The results obtained prove a greater incidence of gall-bladder hypotony in patients with long-lasting diabetes. That dysfunction of the gall-bladder seems to be a specific complication of diabetes, similar to others found in the gastrointestinal tract of diabetic patients.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Biguanides ; blood lactate ; ethanol ; fructose ; exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In three groups of healthy subjects (n = 56) changes in blood lactate, pyruvate and bicarbonate concentrations and pH were determined during three different loading tests. These were an oral ethanol load (0.5 g/kg body wt), an IV fructose load (1 g/kg body wt over 60 min), and a 15 min submaximal exercise load. The same tests were repeated after administration of biguanides for 3 days in the following doses: phenformin 150 mg, buformin 300 mg and metformin 2.55 g daily. All three derivatives induced a significant rise in blood lactate level as well as a significant increase in blood [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in relation to control tests. The differences in the effect of individual biguanides were minimal. It was observed, on the other hand, that increments in blood lactate concentrations depended markedly on the type of load given. The highest rise in blood lactate level was found after fructose loading; in the 60th minute of the test after phenformin it was 1.60±1.29 (SD), after buformin 1.32±0.79, and after metformin 1.31±0.64 mmol/1. The smallest rise of lactate was observed after oral ethanol loading: in the 1st hour of the test the respective values were 0.41±0.24, 0.52 ±0.18, and 0.91±0.86 mmol/1. In the exercise test the highest increment of the blood lactate level was observed 15 min after the end of the exercise, being 1.06±0.37, 1.21±0.25 and 1.26±0.33 mmol/1, respectively. The results of these investigations show that all three biguanide derivatives used in treatment of diabetes — phenformin, buformin and metformin — are risk factors which may induce lactic acidosis under suitable conditions.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 7 (1971), S. 152-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; porphobilinogen ; diabetic ketosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez 56 malades atteints de diabète, on a déterminé selon la méthode de Mauzerall et Granick l'excrétion dans les urines de 24 h de l'acide 5-amino-lévulinique (AAL), et du porphobilinogène (PBG). On n'a pas constaté de différence marquée entre les valeurs moyennes, calculées pour ces patients, en les comparant au groupe de contrôle (40 personnes). On n'a pas constaté non plus de corrélation entre l'excrétion urinaire de l'AAL et de PBG avec le poids corporel, la durée du diabète et la méthode de traitement. Par contre, on a noté un degré élevé de corrélation entre l'excrétion de l'AAL et la diurèse (r xz =+0.75) ainsi que la glycosurie (r yz =+ 0.66). La corrélation entre l'excrétion de PBG et la diurèse et la glycosurie était au contraire faible. Dans le diabète non-contrôlé avec cétonurie (10 personnes), on a constaté un accroissement notable de i'excrétion d'AAL tandis que l'excrétion de PBG demeurait inchangée. — Chez les personnes saines il n'y avait pas de corrélation entre l'excrétion de l'AAL, aussi bien que de PBG, et la diurèse. Les investigations sur l'excrétion urinaire de T'A AL, et de PBG durant la diurèse hydrique et osmotique, provoquée par la perfusion intraveineuse de solution hypertonique de glucose chez des individus sains, ont fourni des données témoignant contre l'influence du glucose sur la réabsorption de l'AAL dans les tubules rénaux. — Les auteurs interprètent ces données comme un résultat de l'accroissement de l'activité de l'AAL-synthétase et de l'inhibition de l'activité de l'AAL-déshydrase au cours du diabète non-contrôlé, à la suite du métabolisme intracellulaire perturbé du glucose et de la production diminuée de l'ATP.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 56 Diabetikern wurde die 24 Std. Urinausscheidung von 5-Aminolaevulinsäure (ALA) und Porphobilinogen (PBG) nach der Methode von Mauzerall und Granick bestimmt. Die bei diesen Patienten erhobenen Mittelwerte zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zu den Ergebnissen bei einer Vergleichsgruppe von 40 Normalpersonen. Weder für die ALA-, noch für die PBG-Ausscheidung konnte eine Korrelation zum Körpergewicht, der Diabetesdauer und der Therapieform nachgewiesen werden. Hingegen korrelierten ALA-Ausscheidung und Diurèse (r xz =+0,75) und Glycosurie (r xz =+0,66) hoch, während die Korrelation zwischen PBG-Ausscheidung und Diurese, sowie Glycosurie nur locker war. Bei 10 schlecht eingestellten, azetonurischen Diabetikern wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg der ALA-Ausscheidung bei unveränderter PBG-Excretion beobachtet. — Bei Stoffwechselgesunden fanden sich keine signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen ALA- und PBG-Ausscheidung, sowie der Diurèse. Die Bestimmung der ALA- und PBG-Ausscheidung während eines Wasserstoßes und osmotischer Diurèse nach i.V. Zufuhr hypertoner Glucoselösungen liefert Ergebnisse, die gegen einen Glucoseeffekt auf die ALA-Rückresorption in den Nierentubuli sprechen. — Die mitgeteilten Befunde werden von den Autoren als das Ergebnis einer verstärkten ALA-Synthetase- und verringerter ALA-Deydrase-Aktivität bei entgleistem Diabetes aufgefaßt. Diese Veränderungen werden durch die Störung des intracellulären Glucosestoffwechsels und die herabgesetzte ATP-Bildung erklärt.
    Notes: Summary In 56 diabetics, 24-h urinary excretion of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) was determined by the method of Mauzerall and Granick. There was no significant difference between the mean values obtained for these patients, as compared with the control group (40 subjects). No correlation was also found between ALA and PBG excretion, as calculated against body weight, duration of diabetes and kind of treatment. There was a high degree of correlation between the excretion of ALA and diuresis (r xz =+0.75), as well as glycosuria (r yz =+0.66), whereas the correlation between the excretion of PBG and diuresis, as well as glycosuria, was low. In uncontrolled diabetes with ketonuria, (10 subjects), a significant increase in the excretion of ALA, with unchanged excretion of PBG, was observed. — In healthy subjects, there was no significant correlation between the ALA and PBG excretion and diuresis. The determination of the urinary ALA and PBG excretion during water diuresis and during osmotic diuresis induced by intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose solution in healthy subjects, disclosed evidence testifying against the effect of glucose on ALA reabsorption in the renal tubules. — The present findings are interpreted by the authors as resulting from enhanced ALA synthetase activity and impaired ALA dehydrase activity in uncontrolled diabetes; these disturbances being related to the defective intracellular glucose metabolism and reduced ATP production.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Maternal NIDDM ; paternal NIDDM ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; lipids.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 38 normoglycaemic (World Health Organization criteria) non-diabetic volunteers, aged 31–40 years, of whom 20 had a non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) mother and 18 had an NIDDM father. At the time of the study the offspring of NIDDM mothers had a somewhat higher body mass index (BMI) (males: 26.5 ± 1.0 (mean ± SEM), females: 27.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2) than the offspring of NIDDM fathers (males: 23.4 ± 0.9, females: 24.2 ± 1.2 kg/m2). There was no difference in the time-course of glycaemia; however the serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide and proinsulin were significantly higher in offspring of NIDDM mothers than in offspring of NIDDM fathers: area under the curve (AUC) serum IRI: 0.928 ± 0.091 vs 0.757 ± 0.056 nmol · l–1· h–1, p = 0.019; serum C-peptide: 6.379 ± 0.450 vs 4.753 ± 0.242 nmol · l–1· h–1, p = 0.004; serum proinsulin: 172 ± 40 vs 51 ± 7 pmol · l–1· h–1, p = 0.008). Serum IRI correlated with BMI, but C-peptide and proinsulin did not, and after accounting for BMI by covariance analysis they remained significantly higher in offspring of NIDDM mothers. In this group serum proinsulin was significantly higher in male than in female offspring (AUC serum proinsulin: 289 ± 68 vs 77 ± 27 pmol · l–1· h–1, P = 0.015). Male offspring of NIDDM mothers also had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels than females of the same group and than offspring of NIDDM fathers. The offspring (male and female) of NIDDM mothers had slightly lower serum apolipoprotein A-I levels than the offspring of NIDDM fathers. Significant correlations were found between serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and serum concentrations of pancreatic beta-cell peptides, mostly in the offspring of NIDDM mothers; however, they did not display unequivocal association with gender within this group. The data are consistent with clinical observations of a greater risk of NIDDM transmission from the mother than from the father, and may suggest that male offspring are more exposed to this risk than female offspring. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 831–837]
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 8 (1972), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Venpathia diabetica ; venous tone ; peripheral venous pressure ; forearm blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a effectué des recherches sur la réflectivité veineuse chez 32 patients atteints de diabète juvénile et chez 32 sujets sains: on a déterminé la tension veineuse périphérique, le débit sanguin dans l'avant-bras, ainsi que le tonus veineux au repos et après l'application de stimuli tels que le changement passif de la position des jambes, le refroidissement de l'avant-bras opposé, ou l'injection intraveineuse de Baméthane sulfate et de Phentolamine. — On a constaté des modifications semblables dans les paramètres examinés, après avoir administré dans les deux groupes le spasmolytique. Par contre le médicament bloquant les récepteurs alpha adrénergiques et les stimuli agissant par voie réflexe avaient un effet nettement plus faible chez les diabétiques. — Les résultats obtenus sont interprétés comme indiquant des lésions veineuses spécifiques du diabète s'exprimant par la diminution du tonus veineux, l'affaiblissement des réflexes veineux et l'accroissement de la tension veineuse. Le caractère distinctif des réflexes veineux après le blocage des récepteurs alpha peut parler en faveur de l'hypothèse que la cause primaire de la veinopathie diabétique réside dans les lésions de l'innervation des parois veineuses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 32 Patienten mit jugendlichem Diabetes und 32 Gesunden wurden die Venenreflexe bestimmt, welche auf der Änderung des peripheren Venendrucks, der Haut- und Muskeldurchblutung am Unterarm und des Venentonus unter Einwirkung eines passiven Wechsels der Beinposition, der Kühlung des gegenseitigen Unterarms und der i.v. Injektion von Bamethansulfat und Phentolamin beruhen. — In beiden Gruppen fand man eine gleichsinnige Änderung von bestimmten Parametern nach der Verabreichung des Spasmolytikums, dagegen waren bei Diabetikern die Effekte des Alpha-Receptor-Blockers und der reflexbedingten Stimuli signifikant schwächer ausgedrückt. Die festgestellten Ergebnisse, d.h. der herabgesetzte Venentonus, die abgeschwächten Venenreflexe und der erhöhte Venendruck werden im Sinne einer für den Diabetes mellitus spezifischen Venenschädigung (venopathia diabetica) gedeutet. Die Verschiedenheit des Verlaufs der Venenreflexe nach der Alpha-Receptor-Blockade kann auf eine Störung der Innervation der Venenwand als die primäre Ursache der diabetischen Venopathie hinweisen.
    Notes: Summary In 32 patients with juvenile onset diabetes and 32 healthy subjects, venous reflexes were studied by determination of the peripheral venous pressure, forearm blood flow and venous tone at rest and after application of the following stimuli: passive change in the position of the legs, cooling of the opposite forearm, intravenous injection of Bamethan sulfate and of Phentolamine. — The changes in the measured parameters induced by spasmolytic drugs were similar in both groups, whereas the effect of a drug blocking the alpha receptors and of the stimuli acting reflexly, was markedly less pronounced in diabetics. — The present results are interpreted as indicating specific venous changes in diabetes (venopathia diabetica), expressed as a decrease in the venous tone, impairment of the venous reflexes and rise of the venous pressure. The differences of the venous reflexes after blocking of the alpha receptors may indicate that changes in vessel innervation are the primary cause of diabetic venopathy.
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