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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1 nm x-ray lithography using novel mask fabrication technique (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3350-3352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: High-resolution commercial photomasks and x-ray masks are at present manufactured by a multistep process which involves the use of etching. This route imposes a limitation on the resolution that can be achieved. We describe here a new approach to the fabrication of x-ray masks involving the use of organometallic compounds which undergo direct conversion to metal under the influence of electron beam irradiation. This approach permits fabrication of both x-ray masks and extreme ultraviolet masks in essentially a single processing step. The attainable resolution is unaffected by any limitation incurred by etching processes and is dependent only on such factors as electron scattering and electron beam diameter. We describe here the production of a gold x-ray mask, which was used in conjunction with a compact laser plasma source to demonstrate the lithographic process. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149099
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved brightness, efficiency, and stability of sputter deposited alternating current thin film electroluminescent ZnS:Mn by codoping with potassium chloride (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1276-1278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electroluminescent ZnS:Mn thin films have been codoped with KCl via an ex situ deposition and diffusion process. The brightness, efficiency, and stability of sputter deposited ZnS:Mn alternating current thin film electroluminescent devices have been greatly improved over untreated devices. Potassium chloride doping is shown to have a modest fluxing effect on the grain size of ZnS:Mn films, particularly in the region of the film where nucleation occurs. However, improved electroluminescence is postulated to be strongly influenced by doping control of electric fields and injected charge. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126007
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of gas exchange on lung gas concentrations during air breathing (1977)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 39 (1977), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model study is made of the contribution that continuing respiratory gas exchange makes to the alveolar plateau slope for O2 during air breathing. Calculations in the model of the O2 concentration appearing at the mouth during expiration, are performed for single breaths of air at constant flow rates 18 litres/min and 120 litres/min. At 18 litres/min the breathing period is 5 sec, the initial lung volume is 2300 ml, and the O2 uptake rate is 300 ml STPD/min; whereas at 120 litres/min these parameters are 4 sec, 1200 ml, and 1800 ml STPD/min respectively. In each case the initial lung O2 tension is taken to be 98 mm Hg. It is found that at 18 litres/min, the O2 concentration difference on the alveolar plateau over the last second of expiration is 0.4 mm Hg when gas exchange is omitted and 1.2 mm Hg when gas exchange is included in the model. At 120 litres/min, this difference is zero and 5.0 mm Hg respectively. The gas exchange component predicted from a corresponding well-mixed compartment model is the same at 18 litres/min (0.8 mm Hg) but is 6.0 mm Hg at 120 litres/min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460682
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lung gas mixing during expiration following an inspiration of air (1975)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 37 (1975), S. 113-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The airway system of the lung from the mouth to the pulmonary membrane is modelled by matching a cylindrical model of a pathway through the respiratory region of the lung onto a one-dimensional trumpet model for the conducting airways. The concentration of O2 in gas expired from this model airway system is investigated following an inspiration of air at two different flow rates (10 litres/min and 85 litres/min). In each case, expiration occurs at the same constant flow rate as that during the previous inspiration. The inspirations, which are studied in an earlier paper, are each of 2 sec duration and begin at a lung volume of 2300 ml and a lung oxygen tension of 98 mm Hg. The equations are solved numerically and plots of expired O2 concentration against time and against expired volume are shown. It is found that at 85 litres/min, gas mixing in the lung is complete after about 0.7 sec of expiration whereas at 10 litres/min, about 2.6 sec of expiration is required for complete equilibration. It is suggested that the experimental alveolar plateau slope is not in general caused by a slow approach to equilibrium of gas concentrations; except at very low flow rates in the early part of the concentration/time plateau.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02470618
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of O2 along a model pathway through the respiratory region of the lung (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 36 (1974), S. 275-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A pathway through the system of branching in the respiratory region of the lung is modelled by a circular cylinder, closed at one end, with partitions which define the component respiratory units. In this model the transport of O2 during inspiration, generated by diffusion is compared with that produced by diffusion together with convection and the importance of convection in the respiratory region in promoting oxygen uptake at the alveolar wall is discussed. For this discussion it is only necessary to consider inspiration. The equations are solved numerically for flow rates of 10, 85 and 200 liters/min. O2 uptake at the wall and curves of constant O2 concentration are shown to illustrate the influence of convection. It is found that after a 2 sec inspiration from an O2 tension of 98 mm Hg and a lung volume of 2300 ml, convection is about 12 per cent as important as diffusion at a flow rate of 85 liters/min, whereas at 10 liters/min convection is only about 0.4 per cent as important as diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461329
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of the extreme point set of a polyhedron (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 90 (1996), S. 357-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Polyhedral sets ; extreme points ; multivalued maps ; continuity ; stability ; linear programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is focused on the stability properties of the extreme point set of a polyhedron. We consider a polyhedral setX(A,b) which is defined by a linear system of equality and inequality constraintsAx≤b, where the matrixA and the right-hand sideb are subject to perturbations. The extreme point setE(X(A,b)) of the polyhedronX(A,b) defines a multivalued map ℳ:(A,b)→E(X(A,b)). In the paper, characterization of continuity and Lipschitz continuity of the map ℳ is obtained. Boundedness of the setX(A,b) is not assumed It is shown that lower Lipschitz continuity is equivalent to the lower semicontinuity of the map ℳ and to the Robinson and Mangasarian-Fromovitz constraint qualifications. Upper Lipschitz continuity is proved to be equivalent to the upper semicontinuity of the map ℳ. It appears that the upper semicontinuity of the map ℳ implies the lower semicontinuity of this map. Some examples of using the conditions obtained are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190003
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