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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor (1999)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature medicine 5 (1999), S. 1188-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid peptide widely expressed in the brain is involved in many physiological responses, including hypothalamic control of food intake and cardiovascular homeostasis. NPY mediates its effects through binding to the Y1, Y2 and Y5 G-protein-coupled receptors. Little ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/13514
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents on glucose and energy metabolism in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus sulfonylurea ; metformin ; insulin ; secondary drug failure ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Which therapy should be used in Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetic patients with “secondary sulfonylurea failure”, insulin or a combination of sulfonylurea and metformin? To address this question, we have compared the effect of 6 months of insulin therapy twice daily with that of a combination of glibenclamide and metformin in 24 Type 2 diabetic subjects, who no longer responded to treatment with sulfonylureas. Both treatments resulted in an equivalent 30% improvement in mean daily blood glucose (p〈0.001), without significant effect on serum lipids. Insulin improved glycaemic control primarily by reducing basal hepatic glucose production (p〈0.05), but had no significant effect on peripheral glucose metabolism. The combination of glibenclamide and metformin enhanced significantly total body glucose metabolism (p〈0.05), predominantly by stimulating the non-oxidative pathway. Neither insulin nor the combination therapy altered B-cell response to a test meal. Insulin therapy resulted in a 6% increase in body weight, 63% of which was accounted for by increased fat mass. Although body weight was unchanged during sulfonylurea/metformin therapy, lean body mass and energy expenditure decreased significantly (p〈0.05). We conclude that insulin and glibenclamide/metformin have different long-term effects on glucose and energy metabolism in Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285334
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-esterified fatty acids do not contribute to insulin resistance in persons at increased risk of developing Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 192-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; insulin sensitivity ; peripheral glucose utilisation ; non-esterified fatty acids ; risk group
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus are not fully understood. An enhanced lipid/non-esterified fatty acid oxidation could provide an explanation. To test this hypothesis we examined the relationship between glucose and lipid metabolism in 44 first-degree relatives (28 glucose-tolerant and 16 glucose-intolerant) of Type 2 diabetic patients and in 18 healthy control subjects. Total body glucose disposal was impaired among both glucose-tolerant and glucose-intolerant relatives compared with control subjects (36.3±3.8 and 30.4±2.7 vs 47.7±3.4 μmol · kgLBM/s-1· min−1; p 〈 0.05). The impairment in glucose disposal among the relatives was primarily accounted for by impaired non-oxidative glucose metabolism (14.8±3.0 and 12.5±1.8 vs 25.3±3.1 μmol · kgLBM−1 · min−1; p 〈0.05). Plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were similar in both glucose-tolerant and glucose-intolerant relatives and control subjects (646±36,649±43 and 615±41 μmol/l) and showed the same degree of suppression by insulin (99±8, 86±7 and 84±9 μmol/l). Basal lipid oxidation was similar in all groups (1.29±0.09, 1.52±0.13 and 1.49±0.21 μmol · kgLBM−1· min−1). Furthermore, insulin suppressed lipid oxidation to the same degree in glucose-tolerant, glucose-intolerant relatives and control subjects (0.65±0.13, 0.88±0.15 and 0.59±0.09μmol · kgLBM−1 · min−1). An inverse correlation between plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration and total body glucose disposal was observed in the group of control subjects (r=−0.540; p〈0.05), but not among the relatives (r=0.002; p=N.S.). In conclusion the present data challenge the view that the “glucose-fatty acid cycle” contributes to the insulin resistance seen in first-degree relatives of patients with Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418275
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance and abnormal albumin excretion in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Microalbuminuria ; insulin resistance syndrome ; insulin sensitivity ; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microalbuminuria has recently been associated with insulin resistance in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. To establish whether microalbuminuria in non-diabetic subjects as well is associated with insulin resistance and associated abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with measurement of urinary albumin excretion rate, lipids and lipoproteins in 582 male non-diabetic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM. In addition, insulin sensitivity was assessed in 20 of these subjects with the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. Abnormal albumin excretion rate (AER), defined as AER 15–200 Μg/min, was associated with higher systolic blood pressure (p〈0.05), higher fasting glucose values (p〈0.05), lower HDL-cholesterol (p〈0.05) and lower apolipoprotein A-I (p〈0.05) concentrations than observed in subjects with normal AER. The rate of glucose metabolism was lower in subjects with abnormal compared to subjects with normal albumin excretion rate (38.0±2.8 vs 47.3±2.4 Μmol·kg lean body mass−1. min−1; p=0.028). This difference was almost completely accounted for by a reduction in non-oxidative glucose metabolism (17.7±1.9 vs 27.4±2.7 Μmol·kg lean body mass−1. min−1; p = 0.010), which correlated inversely with the AER (r=−0.543; p=0.013). These results suggest that in non-diabetic individuals genetically predisposed to NIDDM, abnormal AER is associated with insulin resistance and abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400643
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance and abnormal albumin excretion in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Microalbuminuria ; insulin resistance syndrome ; insulin sensitivity ; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microalbuminuria has recently been associated with insulin resistance in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. To establish whether microalbuminuria in non-diabetic subjects as well is associated with insulin resistance and associated abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with measurement of urinary albumin excretion rate, lipids and lipoproteins in 582 male non-diabetic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM. In addition, insulin sensitivity was assessed in 20 of these subjects with the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. Abnormal albumin excretion rate (AER), defined as AER 15–200 μg/min, was associated with higher systolic blood pressure (p 〈 0.05), higher fasting glucose values (p 〈 0.05), lower HDL-cholesterol (p 〈 0.05) and lower apolipoprotein A-I (p 〈 0.05) concentrations than observed in subjects with normal AER. The rate of glucose metabolism was lower in subjects with abnormal compared to subjects with normal albumin excretion rate (38.0 ± 2.8 vs 47.3 ± 2.4 μmol · kg lean body mass–1· min–1; p = 0.028). This difference was almost completely accounted for by a reduction in non-oxidative glucose metabolism (17.7 ± 1.9 vs 27.4 ± 2.7 μmol · kg lean body mass–1· min–1; p = 0.010), which correlated inversely with the AER (r = –0.543; p = 0.013). These results suggest that in non-diabetic individuals genetically predisposed to NIDDM, abnormal AER is associated with insulin resistance and abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 363 –369]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400643
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of hepatic glucose production by non-esterified fatty acids in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes ; hepatic glucose production ; insulin resistance ; non-esterified fatty acids ; nicotinic acid derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration on suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin eight Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients participated in three euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic (108pmol · m2−1 · min−1) clamp studies combined with indirect calorimetry and infusion of [3-3H]-glucose and [1-14C]palmitate; (1) a control experiment with infusion of NaCl 154 mmol/l, (2) heparin was infused together with insulin, and (3) an antilipolytic agent, Acipimox, was administered at the beginning of the experiment. Six healthy volunteers participated in the control experiment. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations during the insulin clamp were in diabetic patients: (1) 151±36 μmol/1, (2) 949±178 μmol/l, and (3) 65±9 μmol/l; in healthy control subjects 93±13 μmol/l. Non-esterified fatty acid transport rate, oxidation and non-oxidative metabolism were significantly higher during the heparin than during the Acipimox experiment (p〈0.001). Suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin was impaired in the diabetic compared to control subjects (255±42 vs 51±29 μmol/min, p〈0.01). Infusion of heparin did not affect the suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin (231±49 μmol/min), whereas Acipimox significantly enhanced the suppression (21±53 μmol/min, p〈0.001 vs 154 mmol/l NaCl experiment). We conclude that insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production is not affected by increased non-esterified fatty acid availability. In contrast, decreased non-esterified fatty acid availability enhances the suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403179
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance, hypertension and microalbuminuria in patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 642-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; insulin resistance ; hypertension ; lipids ; microalbuminuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the impact of hypertension and microalbuminuria on insulin sensitivity in patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus using the euglycaemic insulin clamp technique in 52 Type 2 diabetic patients and in 19 healthy control subjects. Twenty-five diabetic patients had hypertension and 19 had microalbuminuria. Hypertension per se was associated with a 27% reduction in the rate of total glucose metabolism and a 40% reduction in the rate of non-oxidative glucose metabolism compared with normotensive Type 2 diabetic patients (both p〈0.001). Glucose metabolism was also impaired in normotensive microalbuminuric patients compared with normotensive normoalbuminuric patients (29.4±2.2 vs 40.5±2.8 μmol · kg lean body mass−1 · min−1; p=0.012), primarily due to a reduction in non-oxidative glucose metabolism (12.7±2.9 vs 21.1±2.6 μmol · kg lean body mass−1 ·min−1; p=0.06). In a factorial ANOVA design, however, only hypertension (p=0.008) and the combination of hypertension and microalbuminuria (p=0.030) were significantly associated with the rate of glucose metabolism. The highest triglyceride and lowest HDL cholesterol concentrations were observed in Type 2 diabetic patients with both hypertension and microalbuminuria. Of note, glucose metabolism was indistinguishable from that in control subjects in Type 2 diabetic patients without hypertension and microalbuminuria (40.5±2.8 vs 44.4±2.8 μmol · kg lean body mass−1 · min−1). We conclude that insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes is predominantly associated with either hypertension or microalbuminuria or with both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404074
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic characteristics of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 46-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes ; islet cell antibodies ; glucose metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is still a matter of debate whether patients who develop islet-cell antibody positive autoimmune diabetes during adulthood represent slowly evolving Type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus or a separate subgroup of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. To address this question, we measured C-peptide response to a test meal, and energy metabolism in the basal state and during a euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp in (1) 29 patients with Type 2 diabetes; (2) 10 patients with autoimmune diabetes developing after the age of 40 years; (3) 11 patients with Type 1 diabetes and (4) 15 non-diabetic control subjects. While C-peptide response to a test meal was lacking in Type 1 diabetes and nearly normal in Type 2 diabetes, the C-peptide response in autoimmune diabetes was markedly reduced. Patients with Type 2 diabetes, autoimmune diabetes and Type 1 diabetes showed a 47%, 45% and 42%, respectively, reduction in the rate of non-oxidative glucose metabolism compared with control subjects (p〈0.05-0.01). Similarly, patients with Type 2 diabetes (+52%), autoimmune diabetes (+27%) and Type 1 diabetes (+33%) presented with an enhanced basal rate of hepatic glucose production, which was less suppressed by insulin compared with healthy control subjects (p〈0.01). However, patients with autoimmune diabetes derived more energy from oxidation of glucose and proteins and less energy from oxidation of lipids than patients with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes (p〈0.05-0.01). In conclusion, patients who develop autoimmune diabetes during adulthood share the defects in hepatic glucose production and in non-oxidative glucose metabolism with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Oxidative energy metabolism in autoimmune diabetes, however, differs from that observed in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Given the metabolic characteristics of these patients, it seems justified to consider autoimmune diabetes in adults as a subgroup of diabetes developing in adult age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404024
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 1140-1145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Hypertriglyceridaemia ; insulin resistance ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; glucose metabolism ; lipid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypertriglyceridaemia, which is frequently seen in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, is associated with insulin resistance. The connection between hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance is not clear, but could be due to substrate competition between glucose and lipids. To address this question we measured glucose and lipid metabolism in 39 Type 2 diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia, i. e. mean fasting serum triglyceride level equal to or above 2 mmol/l (age 59±1 years, BMI 27.4±0.5 kg/m2, HbA1c8.0±0.2%, serum triglycerides 3.2±0.2 mmol/l) and 41 Type 2 diabetic patients with normotriglyceridaemia, i. e. mean fasting serum triglyceride level below 2 mmol/l (age 58±1 years, BMI 27.0±0.7 kg/m2, HbA1c7.8±0.2 %, serum triglycerides 1.4±0.1 mmol/l). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a 340 pmol·(m2)−1· min−1 euglycaemic insulin clamp. Substrate oxidation rates were measured with indirect calorimetry and hepatic glucose production was estimated using a primed (25 μCi)-constant (0.25 μCi/min) infusion of [3-3H]-glucose. Suppression of lipid oxidation by insulin was impaired in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia vs patients with normal triglyceride levels (3.5±0.2 vs 3.0±0.2μmol·kg−1· min−1; p〈0.05). Stimulation of glucose disposal by insulin was reduced in hypertriglyceridaemic vs normotriglyceridaemic patients (27.0±1.3 vs 31.9±1.6 μmol·kg−1·min−1; p〈0.05) primarily due to impaired glucose storage (9.8±1.0 vs 14.6±1.4μmol·kg−1·min−1; p〈0.01). In contrast, insulinstimulated glucose oxidation was similar in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia and in patients with normal triglyceride concentrations (16.9±0.8 vs 17.2±0.7μmol·kg−1·min−1). Hepatic glucose production in the basal state and during the clamp did not differ between the two groups. We conclude therefore that oxidative substrate competition between glucose and lipids does not explain insulin resistance associated with hypertriglyceridaemia in Type 2 diabetes. The question remains whether the reduced nonoxidative glucose disposal observed in the patients with hypertriglyceridaemia is genetically determined or a consequence of increased lipid oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401367
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing of ZnO-based varistors using oxide, alkoxide, nitrato-alkoxide and carboxylato precursors (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 697-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: ZnO-varistor ; sintering ; grain growth ; solution routes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the preparation of ZnO varistors by different chemical solution routes with the aim of improving the homogeneity of the phases formed and to obtain a better control of microstructure. One conventional oxide mixing route and four solution chemical routes have been used to prepare the precursor materials. In all cases, the same composition (mol%) was used; ZnO (95.9), Bi2O3 (1), Sb2O3 (1), NiO (1), Co2O3 (0.5), MnO (0.5), Cr2O3 (0.1). The same sintering procedure was also applied. It was found that the precursor materials consisting of ZnO grains covered by a thin film of the additive oxides yielded smaller ZnO grains. Also the microstructure in the final compacts was improved, compared with that of compacts prepared from oxide mixing routes. The smaller ZnO grain size in the final compacts was attributed to the presence of spinel grains. The spinel grains are formed at lower temperatures and, when they reach a size of 1 μm, they hinder the growth of ZnO grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436925
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