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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indomethacin Posttreatment Antagonizes Ethanol-induced Sleep Time (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 559 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22634.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixed-ratio schedules of oral ethanol self-administration in inbred mouse strains (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol self-administration ; Operant behavior ; C57BL/6J mice ; BALB/cJ mice ; Fixed-ratio schedules ; Behavior genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies of ethanol reinforcement in BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice have shown that over a range of concentrations oral ethanol appeared to serve as a reinforcer only for the C57BL/6J mice. In the previous studies BALB/cJ mice maintained rates of responding for ethanol that only slightly exceeded the rates maintained by the vehicle, water. However, the quantity of ethanol consumed with the continuous reinforcement schedule (fixed ratio one) may have led to pharmacologically significant effects, given the high sensitivity to ethanol of this genotype. The present study tested whether and to what extent ethanol would maintain responding under increasing fixed ratio size in these two strains of mice at ethanol concentrations of 0%, 8%, and 16% (w/v). For the C57BL/6J mice, as fixed-ratio size increased from 1 to 2, 4, and 8, there were almost directly proportional increases in response rate at ethanol concentrations of 8% and 16% (w/v), but not at 0%. Post-session blood ethanol levels confirmed intake of pharmacologically significant quantities. The volume consumed per unit of body weight decreased as fixed-ratio size increased. For the BALB/cJ mice, at no condition did ethanol maintain responding at levels that significantly exceeded vehicle maintained responding. BALB/cJ mice did not differ from C57BL/6J mice as fixed-ratio size was increased during vehicle conditions. These results, along with earlier findings, demonstrate that ethanol can serve as a reinforcer for C57BL/6J mice but not in BALB/cJ mice over a range of schedule conditions. They further support the conclusion that genotype is an important determinant of ethanol reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180019
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggression modulates genetic influences on morphine analgesia as assessed using a classical mendelian cross analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Aggression ; Morphine ; Pharmacogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pharmacogenetic techniques allow for the examination of genetic and environmental factors underlying phenotypes associated with drug response. Initial studies of mice bred at Jackson Laboratories (JAX) indicated that C57BL/6J mice were more sensitive to morphine-induced analgesia, as measured by latency to paw lick, than SJL/J mice. A classical Mendelian cross breeding program was initiated in which F1, F2 and backcross generations were derived from C57BL/6J and SJL/J breeding pairs purchased from JAX to examine the genetic factors underlying morphine analgesia. Genetic analysis indicated significant dominance or heterosis for a reduced drug response. The F1 generation was less sensitive to morphine-induced analgesia than either parental strain. Mathematical analysis of the generation means revealed that a simple dominance model with no epistatic interaction between genes best described the data. Environmental factors also affected sensitivity to morphine analgesia, in that C57BL and SJL mice raised in our facility did not differ in latency to paw lick. SJL mice from JAX exhibit a high degree of aggression, while SJL mice raised in our facilities show little or no aggression. The levels of aggression among groups of SJL mice were characterized and found to correlate with sensitivity to morphine analgesia. Mice exposed to increasingly greater levels of aggression were the least sensitive to morphine. Thus, the changes observed in sensitivity to morphine-induced analgesia appear to be related to the degree of aggression to which these mice are exposed, possibly resulting from the stress and/or prolonged exposure to painful stimuli associated with aggressive encounters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257401
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opioid operant self-administration, analgesia, stimulation and respiratory depression inμ-deficient mice (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opioid ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; CXBK/ByJ ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly thought thatμ-receptors play an important role in the reinforcing effects of opioids. In the present study, inbred strains widely divergent in CNS opiate receptor densities were used to investigate the influence of genetic variation in receptor concentration on opioid-reinforced behavior. In particular, the CXBK/ByJ mice were used as an investigative tool because of their significantly lower number of CNSμ opioid receptors. The behavioral pharmacology of opioids in theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice was compared to other commonly used inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ, and the opiate receptor rich CXBH/ByJ mice. Operant opioid reinforced behavior, opioid-induced locomotor stimulation, analgesia and respiratory depression were investigated in all four inbred strains. To assess the acquisition and maintenance of opioid reinforced behavior, oral self-administration of the potent benzimidazole opioid, etonitazene, was determined using an operant fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR 8). Acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior was established in all four strains including theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice. However, there were significant genetic differences in the amount of drug intake during the maintenance of opioid-reinforced behavior and extinction behavior following vehicle substitution. For example, drug intake was significantly greater in the BK versus BH mice during the maintenance phase and an extinction burst was seen in the BH but not the BK mice following vehicle substitution. Thus,μ-receptor density may not account for individual variability in the acquisition of opioid-reinforced behavior under these conditions. Sensitivity to etonitazene-induced respiratory depression, stimulation of locomotor activity and analgesia were unrelated to drug intake during self-administration sessions across these four inbred strains. These data indicate that inherited differences in CNSμ-opiate receptor concentrations do not affect acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245094
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in morphine reinforcement property in two inbred rat strains: associations with cortical receptors, behavioral activity, analgesia and the cataleptic effects of morphine (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 112 (1993), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Behavioral activity ; Analgesia ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the current study was to investigate genetic differences between two inbred strains of rats, Fisher-344 (F344/N) and Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG/GSto), in a number of drug-naive and drug-related behaviors, including oral and intravenous morphine self-administration. F344/N and WAG/GSto rats differed in drug-naive behaviors such as nociception, rearing and sensitivity to lick suppression tests but did not differ in locomotor activity, ambulation or grooming behavior. F344/N rats were less sensitive to thermal stimuli as measured via tail-flick response, and more sensitive to the suppressive effects of intermittent shock in a lick suppression test. The F344/N rats demonstrated a significantly greater amount of rearing in open field tests but did not differ from WAG/GSto rats in locomotor activity, ambulation or grooming behavior. In addition to the behavioral results, naive F344/N and WAG/GSto rats were found to differ in μ and α2 receptor concentrations (F344/N〉WAG/GSto) and in 5HT2 and D2 affinity constants (WAG/GSto〉F344/N). These two inbred rat strains also differed in drug-related behaviors. F344/N rats showed significantly greater depression of locomotor activity at morphine 3 mg/kg than WAG/GSto rats. In addition, F344/N rats consumed significantly greater amounts of morphine in a two-bottle choice procedure and morphine maintained significantly greater amounts of behavior during intravenous self-administration sessions. Importantly, drug maintained behavior was significantly greater than with vehicle only in the F344/N rats during operant self-administration sessions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244908
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mouse strain differences in operant self-administration of ethanol (1987)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 17 (1987), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: oral self-administration ; operant behavior ; C57BL/6J mice ; BALB/cJ mice ; alcohol ; behavior genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract By the use of operant conditioning procedures, we determined whether mice from two strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ, differ in ethanol-reinforced behavior. To establish ethanol as a reinforcer, drinking was induced by feeding mice prior to the 30-min experimental session. Initially mice received water and then a series of increasing ethanol concentrations (1, 2, 4, and 8%, w/v) in response to a lever press. The volume of liquid consumed per unit of body weight remained relatively constant across concentrations, and thus the amount of ethanol consumed (g/kg) increased with increases in ethanol concentration. At all concentrations the C57BL/6J mice drank larger volumes than the BALB/cJ mice. After shifting the time of feeding from before to after the session, the consumption of 8% ethanol declined 56% for the C57B/6J mice and 81% for the BALB/cJ mice. To determine if ethanol was serving as a reinforcer, behavior and intake were then compared during ethanol and water availability. The ethanol consumption of the C57BL/6J mice markedly exceeded the water consumption and resulted in blood ethanol levels of 199 ±27 mg/dl. These levels significantly exceeded the 8% ethanol intake of the BALB/cJ mice, while 0% intake was low and not significantly different between strains. The 8% ethanol drinking of the BALB/cJ mice did not differ from their water drinking. Thus, ethanol was established as a positive reinforcer for C57BL/6J mice but not for BALB/cJ mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073111
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