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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 6 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Propofol is a widely used general anaesthetic with growing usage outside anaesthesia. Despite its potential for abuse only five cases of propofol dependency have yet been reported. These comprise health care professionals with easy access to the drug. This is the first reported case of propofol dependency in a lay person. One should be aware of the abuse potential of propofol with regard to its growing use outside the context of general anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 7 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide.These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic drug abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocybin were known until recently. Because of its still growing capacity for abuse and the widely dispersed data this review presents all the available pharmacological data about psilocybin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 364 (1976), S. 17-21 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rhodopsin-photolysis ; Ca2+−Ca2+-antagonists ; Kinetics ; Conformation-change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of Ca2+ on kinetics and equilibrium of the Meta I–II transition was studied in rhodopsin-digitonin-solutions using flash-photometry. With increasing Ca2+-concentration the Meta I–II-equilibrium is shifted to Meta I. The pH-dependence of the Meta I–II equilibrium is suppressed by Ca2+. To obtain the same effect as with bivalent cations about the 10-fold concentration of univalent ions is required. Ca2+-ions have also an effect on the rate of equilibrating Meta I–II: with increasing Ca2+-concentration the rate-constants of the rapid and slow component decrease and become equal to the value at pH 8. This observation can be described as an inhibition of the catalytic effect of protons by Ca2+. Similar results are obtained with Mg2+, whereas K+ and Na+ are practically ineffective. In the presence of the Ca2+-blocking agents verapamil (Isoptin®) and D-600 the rate of equilibrating Meta I–II is reduced. These and several former observations can be explained by a model in which the Meta I–II transition is coupled with the separation of negative fixed changes, which can be clamped by Ca2+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 364 (1976), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; Ca2+ ; Thermodynamic model ; Conformation-change ; Visual excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The model for the effect of Ca2+ on the Meta I–II transition (cf. Part I) is formulated quantitatively and in detail. The clamping forces of Ca2+, which shift the equilibrium to the closed MI-conformation, are taken into account in the law of mass action by a higher value for the association constant of Ca2+ with MI than with MII. Thus the main features of the experimental curves of ΔMII-absorption-change as a function of Ca2+- and H+-concentration can be reproduced by a few simple association equilibria. The agreement can be improved by calculating with a conformative coupling between two rhodopsin molecules. In a further modification of the model also the observed increase of ΔMII in the alkaline beyond pH 9 is reproduced. Finally, the models lead to an opening and closing mechanism for a Ca2+-permeable pore across the disc membrane, thus contributing to a hypothesis of visual excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 658-663 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Valproate ; Gamma-aminobutyric acid ; Biphasic effect ; Preoptic area ; Push-pull-cannula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vivo-effects of various concentrations of the anticonvulsant drug sodium valproate — within and above the therapeutic range for humans (40–100 μg/ml) —on the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied perfusing the preoptic area of unanaesthetized, freely moving ovarectomized rats through push-pull-cannulae at a flow rate of 20 μl/min with a fraction period of 5 and 15 min, respectively. Local treatment with 40, 80, 100, and 200 μg valproate/ml perfusion medium induced a highly significant decrease in preoptic GABA release. After return to valproate-free medium this effect was reversible. A rapid onset and termination of the valproate effect within 5 min could be observed. Going higher with valproate concentrations the suppressive effect became less and at supratherapeutic valproate levels of 1600 μg/ml CSF an increase in GABA release could be observed in 4 out of 8 animals. This does response relationship points to a biphasic effect of valproate on the available amount of GABA in the synaptic cleft, which may be produced by at least two different dose-dependent mechanisms of action. The present results indicate that the action of therapeutic concentrations of valproate involves an alteration of GABAergic transmission different from increasing synaptic GABA release. Nevertheless, the data suggest that valproate action, at least at the level of the preoptic area, involves an enhancement of GABAergic transmission causing - via a negative feedback mechanism — the observed suppression of GABA release into the synaptic cleft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 2 (1977), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photoreception ; Rhodopsin-photolysis ; Conformation-change ; Solvatochromism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dye eriochromblack T (erio T), added to an aqueous suspension of bovine retinal outer segments solubilized by digitonin, shows a light-induced absorption-increase at λ=645 nm. Erio T is shown to directly interact with micellar metarhodopsm I and metarhodopsin II. The absorption-changes of erio T can be regarded as an indication of the transition from the metarhodopsin I conformation (with associated Ca2+) to the metarhodopsin II conformation (with associated H+).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 128 (1978), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas ; Protein in sweat ; Ultramicroelectrophoresis ; C.F. factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 46 Schweißproben von 32 Kindern mit cystischer Pankreasfibrose und 35 Proben von 23 Kontrollkindern wurden mit Hilfe von Mikro-Glaskapillaren gewonnen und bie pH 2,3 und pH 8,9 ultramikroelektrophoretisch untersucht. Ergebnisse: 1. In 48% der Schweißproben ließ sich Protein nachweisen; 2. bei pH 2,3 wird im C.F.-Schweiß mindestens eine zusätzliche Protein-Bande gefunden; 3. bei pH 8,9 wird gelegentlich eine zusätzliche Bande — im Vergleich mit der Kontroll-Gruppe — dargestellt; 4. bei pH 2,3 stellt sich bei C.F.-Schweiß im Anfangsbereich der Elektrophorese mehr Protein dar als bei Kontroll-Schweiß, während bei pH 8,9 der umgekehrte Befund erhoben wird; 5. bei pH 2,3 läßt sich — bezogen auf die Anzahl der Versuche — seltener Protein darstellen als bei pH 8,9. Es wird vermutet, daß der “C.F.-Faktor” ein basischer Polyelektrolyt ist, der folgenden Pathomechanismus auslöst: a) Aggregation von Proteinen, die eine erhöhte Viskosität des Sekretes bedingt b) Bindung an Zellmembranen des Drüsengangsepithels und Hemmung des Na+-Transportes (z. B. des luminalen passiven Na+-Einstroms in die Zelle).
    Notes: Abstract 46 sweat-samples from 32 children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (C.F.) and 35 samples from 23 control-children were collected with glass micro-capillaries. Protein was determined by ultramicro-electrophoresis. Results: 1. Protein was detected in 48% of the samples (C.F. and controls). 2. At pH 2.3, C.F.-sweat showed at least one more band than controlsweat. 3. At pH 8.9, C.F.-sweat occasionally showed one more band than the control-group. 4. At pH 2.3, more protein was found at the electrophoresis start point using C.F.-sweat, whereas at pH 8.9 the opposite was found. 5. At pH 2.3, protein was found in fewer samples than at pH 8.9. The “C.F.-factor” is postulated to represent a basic polyelectrolyte which induces the following pathogenic mechanisms: a) Aggregation of proteins giving rise to a higher viscosity of secretions, such as saliva. b) Binding to the cell-membrane of the glandular epithelium, thus inducing a disturbance of active NaCl-reabsorption (e.g. by reduction of luminal passive Na+-influx).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 122 (1976), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas ; Mucoviscidosis ; Sweat ; α-amylase ; C.F. factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypothese von Doggett u. Harrison (1973), wonach α-Amylase die Drüsenstörung bei der cystischen Pankreasfibrose (C. F., Mucoviscidose) verursacht, wird experimentell überprüft. Sowohl im Schweiß als auch im Serum von C. F.-Patienten wird keine Erhöhung von α-Amylase gegenüber Kontrollwerten bei gleichaltrigen Gesunden beobachtet. Hieraus wird geschlossen, daß der „C. F.-Faktor” nicht mit α-Amylase identifiziert werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis by Doggett and Harrison, according to which α-amylase is the pathogenic factor of the exocrinopathy in cystic fibrosis (C.F.), is investigated. No elevation of α-amylase in sweat and serum of C.F. patients, as compared with controls of similar age, is observed. It is concluded that the “C.F. factor” cannot be identified with α-amylase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cannabinoids ; THC ; Dronabinol ; Binocular depth inversion ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Binocular depth inversion represents an illusion of visual perception that is sensitive to various behavioural and psychiatric conditions. It is affected by cannabinoids, reflecting associated changes in perception. The present study investigated the differences in binocular depth inversion of different classes of natural and artificial objects and the effect of synthetic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Dronabinol) on these illusionary perceptions. Using this model, the effects of orally administered Dronabinol on binocular depth inversion were investigated in 17 healthy male volunteers. Pictures from natural and artificial objects were presented stereoscopically and the depth perception of the volunteers was scored in an operationalized way. The time-course of the effects of Dronabinol on binocular depth inversion was analyzed with regard to the stimulus classes (natural and synthetic objects). Significant differences in binocular depth inversion of the different groups of stimuli were revealed. Objects with a higher degree of everyday familiarity were generally seen as more illusionary than those with a lower degree of everyday familiarity. A strong impairment of binocular depth inversion due to Dronabinol was found in most classes of objects. Analysis of different stimulus classes provides further information on the underlying perceptual processing of binocular depth inversion. An impairment of top-down processing of visual sensory data by Dronabinol is suggested. The anandamidergic system seems to be involved in areas of visual information processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 290 (1966), S. 315-319 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Messungen der Lactat- und Pyruvatkonzentration im ekkrinen Schweiß des Menschen in Abhängigkeit von der Schweißrate mitgeteilt. 1. Die Pyruvatkonzentration fällt mit zunehmender Schweißrate hyperbelförmig ab, während die ausgeschiedene Menge über den gesamten Schweißratenbereich praktisch konstant bleibt (9±2·10−5 μMol/Drüse · Std). 2. Der Lactat-Pyruvat-Quotient im Schweiß steigt mit zunehmender Schweißrate auf Werte über 100 an. Bei Rückextrapolation der L/P-Kurve auf die Schweißrate null kommt man auf einen L/P von 10. Der Anstieg des L/P wird als ein Indicator dafür angesehen, daß mit zunehmender Schweißrate der Drüsenstoffwechsel immer stärker anaerob-glykolytisch wird. Eine Gegenüberstellung der glykolytisch gewonnenen Energie und der Nettotransporte bei der Sekretion und Rückresorption im Ausführungsgang ergibt, daß 25–30% der für diese Transporte benötigten Energie durch Glykolyse gedeckt werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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