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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression Patterns of Rat Somatostatin Receptor Genes in Pre- and Postnatal Brain and Pituitary (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 61 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The relative abundances of mRNAs encoding four different somatostatin receptors were examined using PCR techniques during postnatal development of the rat brain and hypophysis. In most tissues, somatostatin receptor 1 and 4 mRNAs are more abundant than those encoding somatostatin receptor 2 and 3. Transcript levels of somatostatin receptor subtype 4 are relatively high in the cortex, hippocampus. and striatum, those of subtype 1 in the cortex and brainstem, and those of subtype 3 in the cerebellum. In situ hybridization revealed the presence of significant amounts of somatostatin receptor 1 mRNA. as early as prenatal day 14, in the trigeminal ganglion and in the neuroepithelial layers surrounding the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. In the developing cortex a morphological change in the sites of somatostatin receptor 1 gene expression occurs; mRNA is present superficially in the cortex at prenatal stages, appears in all layers shortly after birth, and in adult rats is restricted to the deep cortical layers. In the cerebellum, somatostatin receptor 1 mRNA levels are highest around birth, declining thereafter. In contrast, cerebellar somatostatin receptor 3 transcripts are absent at birth, become detectable around postnatal day 7, and reach a maximal level during maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13654.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dendritic Localization of Rat Vasopressin mRNA: Ultrastructural Analysis and Mapping of Targeting Elements (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transcripts encoding the vasopressin precursor are located in axons and dendrites of rat hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. While the axonal vasopressin mRNA has been extensively characterized both at the biochemical and morphological level, little is known about those transcripts residing in dendrites of magnocellular neurons. As revealed by in situ hybridization at the electron microscopic level, the mRNA is located in proximal and distal dendritic segments and is exclusively confined to regions containing rough endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that dendrites of hypothalamic neurons may be capable of local precursor synthesis independent of that occurring in the cell somata. A heterologous system has been employed to define cis-acting elements within the vasopressin mRNA which may be involved in dendritic compartmentalization. Expression vector constructs consisting of the cytomegalovirus promoter coupled to the rat vasopressin cDNA have been injected into the cell nuclei of cultured neurons derived from embryonic rat superior cervical ganglia. Vector-encoded vasopressin transcripts were also sorted to dendrites of these neurons indicating that the molecular determinants of dendritic mRNA transport are not cell specific. Mapping of the targeting elements revealed two segments within the vasopressin mRNA that are able to confer dendritic compartmentalization to α-tubulin mRNA which is normally confined to the cell body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01629.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of growth hormone, prolactin and human β-chorionic gonadotropin messenger RNA in growth-hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas by in situ hybridization (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 539-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: In situ hybridization ; Pituitary adenoma ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of 39 adenomas from patients with the clinical hyperfunction syndrome of acromegaly and in one from a case of prolactinoma we studied the mRNA expression of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) andβ-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by using the technique of in situ hybridization (ISH). This technique allows the direct identification and localization of cells expressing mRNA and thus synthesizing the respective hormone. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the frequent co-expression of PRL mRNA and HCG mRNA in pituitary adenomas of acromegalic patients. Probes for ISH of the above-mentioned hormones were obtained by subcloning cDNA fragments into pGEM plasmids. Subsequent Sp6-polymerase catalysed in vitro transcription with35S-CTP revealed radio-labelled single-stranded antisense RNA probes [the probe forβHCG detectsβ-luteinizing hormone (βLH) simultaneously because of a sequence homology of 90%]. To localize the labelled hybrids, autoradiography was carried out. Light microscopical evaluation of the tissue sections demonstrated positive signals in all cases for GH, in 80% of cases for PRL and in 25% of cases for HCG [LH] mRNA. The comparison of mRNA content shown by ISH with immunocytochemical (ICC) hormone detection revaled that in all cases the detection of GH corresponded to GH mRNA content of the cells. For PRL and HCG [LH] positive mRNA detection (ISH) and negative hormone detection (ICC) occurred in some cases (PRL 17.5%; HCG [LH] 15%). In contrast, negative mRNA detection (ISH) and positive hormone content (ICC) was also demonstrated (PRL 5%; HCG [LH] 37.5%). The remaining adenomas showed both mRNA and the respective hormone, as well as negative ISH and ICC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606505
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HGH, PRL and βHCG/βLH gene expression in clinically inactive pituitary adenomas detected by in situ hybridization (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within our surgical collection clinically inactive pituitary adenomas represent 30.7% of all pituitary tumours. To characterize their endocrine activity we studied 40 clinically inactive pituitary adenomas with in situ hybridization (ISH) using cRNA probes labelled with35S encoding growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and chorionic gonadotrophin (βHCG). No tumour was associated with clinical evidence of elevated hormone secretion. A mild hyperprolactinaemia not correlated with hormone or the mRNA content of the cells was interpreted to be incidental in 11 patients. By histological analysis, immunohistochemistry (IH) and electron microscopy the adenomas were diagnosed as small cell chromophobic (n=16) and large cell chromophobic (n=8) adenomas, and oncocytomas (n=16). Gene expression of one or more hormones was identified by ISH in 18 of 40 adenomas in few cells. GH and PRL gene expression was rare (GH mRNA in 3 of 40 tumours and PRL mRNA in 8 of 40 tumours) whereas in 14 of 40 adenomasβHCG/βLH gene expression was identified in scattered cells. Five of 40 adenomas lacking hybridization signals revealed hormones by IH. The detection of mRNA was accompanied by positive immunostaining for the respective hormones in 72%. The combination of ISH and IH reveals good evidence that the hormones are synthesized in the tumours and not taken up from the serum and stored in the cells. The two methods used together permit a more precise analysis of tumour biology than each alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605926
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A constitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3 (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 403 (2000), S. 196-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Mutations in all four known KCNQ potassium channel α-subunit genes lead to human diseases. KCNQ1 (KvLQT1) interacts with the β-subunit KCNE1 (IsK, minK) to form the slow, depolarization-activated potassium current IKs that is affected in some forms of cardiac ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35003200
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stringent response to unacylated tRNA, energy- and temperature-downshift in Bacillus stearothermophilus (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 29-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: (p)ppGpp ; α-Methylglucoside ; Pseudomonic acid ; Granaticin ; 2,4-Dinitrophenol ; RNA synthesis ; GDP-, GTP-pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus to inhibition of tRNA acylation, energy starvation and temperature downshift was characterized. We found that B. stearothermophilus, like other prokaryotic organisms, reacts with the so-called stringent response, which includes the accumulation of the unusual nucleotides guanosine 3′,5′ bis (dipphosphate) [ppGpp] and guanosine 3′-diphosphate, 5′-triphosphate [pppGpp] and concomitantly the reduction of RNA synthesis and growth rate. The amount of (p)ppGpp formed depended on the cause of the stringent response: when tRNA acylation was inhibited (p)ppGpp synthesis was much higher than after energy starvation or temperature downshift whereas RNA synthesis was totally blocked in each case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417174
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stimulation of Escherichia coli stringent factor-dependent synthesis of guanosine 3′, 5′-polyphosphate [(p)ppGpp] by rat liver ribosomal proteins (1979)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 176 (1979), S. 375-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of groups of proteins from rat liver ribosomes on the Escherichia coli stringent factor-catalyzed synthesis of (p)ppGpp was tested. Most groups were capable of supporting (p)ppGpp synthesis; the exceptions were A40, B140, B240 and B160 which contain proteins which are relatively less basic than those in the active groups. The capacity of 30 individual rat liver ribosomal proteins to activate stringent factor was assessed; most sustained the synthesis of (p)ppGpp. Proteins S12, S21, L12, P1, and P2 (which are acidic or relatively acid) had no activity; proteins S6, S8, and L3 were the most active: the others had moderate activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333100
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization and expression of bovine TSPY (1997)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 8 (1997), S. 491 -496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We have isolated genomic sequences as well as transcripts from the bovine homolog of the human testis-specific protein, Y-encoded, TSPY which—in both species—is located on the Y Chromosome (Chr), organized as a gene family with a variable number of members, and expressed exclusively in the testis. 1266 bp of bovine TSPY specific sequence have been isolated from a testis cDNA library, by RT-PCR analyses and by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). A bovine TSPY gene 4 is organized in seven exons, and transcripts are polyadenylated at various 3′ ends. Consensus polyadenylation signals AA UUAAA are missing. Microheterogeneous sequence variation is found between TSPY family members. In addition, homologies to other Y-located repeated sequence families, BRY, have been discovered; these sequences are presumably derived from ancient members of the TSPY cluster, now forming a separate, probably nonfunctional subfamily. Bovine TSPY is subject to differential splicing. In the adult, it is expressed in early germ-cell stages, and expression could also be detected in fetal testis. Comparison with the human homolog shows the highest degree of similarity in the coding regions of exons 2, 3, and 4, which are also precisely conserved regarding their length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003359900482
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