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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 33 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The olfactory event-related potential (OERP) has been described as being dependent on exogenous stimulus features, but no effect has been made to examine possible endogenous determinants. We wanted to separate exogenous and endogenous components of the OERP by using an olfactory oddball paradigm. A high concentration of citral was used as the target stimulus, and a low concentration was used as the standard stimulus. Odors were presented within a constantly flowing air stream. We found that the early components of the OERP (N1, P2) are modulated by the stimulus concentration, whereas the late positive components (P3-1, P3-2) vary depending on the subjective stimulus significance and stimulus probability. It is concluded that the positive component of the OERP, which has been formerly explained by chemical and physical stimulus features, is actually determined by endogenous processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Psychophysiology 40 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to investigate the similarities and differences in the olfactory and visual processing of emotional stimuli in healthy subjects and in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Twenty-five inpatients were investigated after admission to the psychiatric clinic. Fifteen of them participated a second time, shortly before their discharge from the hospital. A group of healthy subjects, matched according to age and sex, served as a control. Chemsosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) were recorded using the constant flow method. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs), in response to colors and emotional slides, were obtained to control modality and emotion-specific effects. The subjects' task was to discriminate the colors (red/yellow) and odors (phenyl-ethylalcohol=rose/isobutyraldehyde=rotten butter) according to their quality and to judge the valence of the emotional slides (IAPS slides). The EEG was recorded from 32 scalp locations. At the beginning of the therapy, visual stimulus processing was attenuated in depressive subjects at a relatively late processing level (reduced amplitudes of the P3 and pSW in response to colors and emotional slides), whereas olfactory stimulus processing had already been affected at an early level (reduced amplitudes of the P2 and P3-1 peaks in MDD patients). However, after successful medical treatment, ERPs did not differentiate between depressive patients and healthy controls. We discuss whether functional deviations within the primary olfactory cortex are responsible for the lower olfactory sensitivity, as well as for the altered emotional stimulus processing in MDD patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: body odor ; chemosensory perception ; CSERP ; HLA ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new method will be presented which allows the perception of body odors in humans to be studied objectively. The analysis of body odor‐evoked potentials was used to investigate if and how the human brain is able to differentiate self from non‐self body odor for the first time. Six subjects (three females) participated in two experimental sessions. In each session, two body odors (axillary hair) were presented within an olfactory oddball paradigm. One of the odors was collected from the subject and the other from an odor donor of the same sex. In the first session the subjects' attention was distracted to a secondary task (passive paradigm), in the second session the subjects were asked to actively differentiate the odors (active paradigm). For the EEG recordings the odors were presented within a constantly flowing airstream. The results show that the subjects could hardly differentiate the body odors subjectively. However, it could be demonstrated that the central nervous processing of one's own odor was faster than the processing of the chemosensory non‐self signal. Moreover, in the active paradigm, the potentials appeared to be larger when the subjects perceived their own body odor. The conclusion is reached that the measurement of chemosensory event‐related potentials (CSERP) is the method of choice for the investigation of HLA‐associated body odors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: ELISA ; human body fluids ; immunoblotting ; menstrual cycle ; sHLA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been linked to encoding for individual olfactory identity. Experiments in mice and rats proved that behavior and mating were, at least in part, determined by genes within the MHC. This study was aimed at investigating whether sHLA are excreted in human urine, saliva and sweat. In particular examination of the molecular forms in these fluids would give clues to whether break down forms of soluble MHC molecules might participate in shaping behavior. Major bands of 45, 40, and 23 kD were detectable. Increased levels of sHLA were measured using a quantitative ELISA in urine shortly before ovulation decreasing to normal levels thereafter. In animal models strain specific MHC‐linked odor cues have been detected in urine. Thus, excretion of sHLA in urine might indicate a similar role for these molecules in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetica 104 (1998), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: immune system ; MHC ; olfactory cues ; reproductive behavior ; kin recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Besides its immunological function of self/non‐self discrimination the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been recognized as a possible source of individual specific body odors. Dating back to speculations on the role of the extraordinary polymorphism of the MHC as background of an individual chemosensory identity and to early observations of MHC‐dependent mate choice in inbred strains of mice, systematic experimental studies revealed a first evidence for H‐2 related body odors in this species. Meanwhile a large number of animal studies with rodents and a series of field studies and experiments with humans have extended our knowledge of MHC‐related odor signals and substantiated the hypothesis of immunogenetic associated odortypes. These results suggest that the most prominent feature of the MHC, its extraordinary genetic diversity, seems in part to be selectively maintained by behavioral mechanisms which operate in contemporary natural populations. The high degree of heterozygosity found in natural populations of most species seems to be promoted by non‐disease‐based selection such as mating preferences and selective block of pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: chemosensory identity ; gas chromatography ; humans ; MHC‐associated odors ; olfactometer ; specific volatiles ; trained rats ; urinary odors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chemosensory identity of mice and rats is determined partly by polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In inbred strains of mice, as well as in seminatural populations, MHC‐associated mating preferences selectively influence reproductive success, thus serving to promote heterozygocity in the MHC. In order to determine whether MHC‐associated chemosignals are present in humans, two studies were conducted. In a first study, olfactory identification of MHC‐associated chemosignals was conducted on 12 trained rats' responses to the urine odors of humans. In a second study, MHC‐associated olfactory cues in humans were analyzed by means of gas chromatography. The results indicate that the urine odors of humans are associated with the MHC and demonstrate that the profile of volatile components in the urine odors shows some association with the MHC. Furthermore, results show that a profile of some specific components, as well as a few ubiquitous volatiles, constitutes MHC‐associated odor signals in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 32 (1972), S. 298-310 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 19 ambulant subjects (18 to 58 years old) have been grouped according to the clinical diagnosis into sympathicotonics (6), vagotonics (5) and vegetativ indifferent (8) persons. By means of the dynamographic analysis of the blood circulation different peripheral and cephal haemodynamic parametenl have been measured at rest and after influence of a short and defined acoustic stimulation (noise of an electric bell). In a second, temporally and locally seperated trial the microvibration at rest and after the acoustic stress (by the same source of noise) and the contingent negative variation in the EEG have been registered on the same subjects. By means of structural methods it could be shown, that there are significant differences between sympathicotonic, vagotonic and vegetativ indifferent subjects with regard to the speed of the pulsewave in the A. carotis interna, the microvibration and five CNV-parameters. The direction of the amplitude of the speed of the pulsewave in the A. carotis interna — which represents the most sensitive haemodynamic parameter — and of the frequency of MV is equivalent after acoustic stimulation (increase among sympathicotonics, decrease among vagotonics, no alteration among indifferent subjejcts). As far as the behavior of the CNV-pattern is concerned, vagotonic persons are characterized by higher, sympathicotonics by lower amplitudes. From these results we conclude that all three applied methods are suitable indicators of the respective reaction-patterns which enable an objective registration of the clinically determined state of the autonomic nervous system, especially when combined and under acoustic stress.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 19 ambulanten Versuchspersonen im Alter von 18 bis 58 Jahren, die nach der klinischen Beurteilung in Sympathikotoniker (6), Vagotoniker (5) und vegetativ Indifferente (8) eingeteilt worden waren, wurden mittels der dynamographischen Kreislaufanalyse verschiedene periphere und zephale hämodynamische Parameter in Ruhe und nach Einwirkung eines kurzdauernden, definierten akustischen Reizes (Klingelgeräusch) gemessen. In einem zweiten, zeitlich und örtlich getrennten Untersuchungsgang wurden bei den Probanden die Mikrovibration in Ruhe und nach Lärmbelastung (mit der gleichen Lärmquelle) und die Erwartungswelle im EEG (CNV) registriert. Es konnte auf Grund der Berechnung des verallgemeinerten Abstandes nachgewiesen werden, daß sich Sympathikotoniker, Vagotoniker und Indifferente hinsichtlich des Verhaltens der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit in der A. carotis interna, der Mikrovibration und der 5 CNV-Parameter signifikant voneinander unterschieden. Die Ausschlagrichtung der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit in der A. carotis interna — die den empfindlichsten hämodynamischen Parameter darstellt — und der Mikrovibrationsfrequenz ist nach akustischen Reizen gleichsinnig (Anstieg bei Sympathikotonikern, Abfall bei Vagotonikern, keine Änderung bei Indifferenten). Bezüglich des Verhaltens der CNV sind Vagotoniker durch höhere, Sympathikotoniker durch niedrige Amplituden charakterisiert. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß alle drei angewendeten Methoden geeignete Indikatoren der jeweiligen Reaktionslage sind und besonders bei Kombination und unter Lärmbelastung eine objektive Erfassung der klinisch qualifizierten Tonuslage ermöglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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