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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 20 (1982), S. 167-190 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 40 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of nutrients on reduction of the germination and mycelial growth of Septoria nodorum by the fungicides propiconazole, fenpropimorph and prochloraz, and on the reduction of S.nodorum infection by prochloraz, was tested on wheat plants in a controlled environment. The nutrients tested were aphid honeydew, sucrose, a mixture of amino acids and combinations of sucrose with yeast extract and amino acids, all in different concentrations. All nutrients could stimulate S. nodorum infection in combination with the tested prochloraz concentrations (4.5–45 mg a.i./1), but amino acids did not significantly stimulate infection in the fungicide-free treatments. The stimulating effect of the nutrients was generally stronger with higher nutrient/fungicide ratios. Aphid honeydew had more effect than its main components sucrose and amino acids separately. Antagonism between nutrients and prochloraz was determined with the Colby method and from dose-response curves by comparing ED50 S and drawing antagonism isoboles. Aphid honeydew, sucrose and amino acids caused an up to 10-fold increase of the ED50 and can be considered antagonistic to prochloraz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 73 (1967), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato tubers cut into halves were inoculated with conidial spores or mycelium ofGibberella zeae in order to study the permeability of the cells adjacent to and at some distance from the tissue invaded by the fungus. Permeability was determined by measuring the exosmosis rate of electrolytes. Within three days of infection the permeability of cells at a mean disease of 3 1/2 mm from the margin of the invaded tissue had doubled. At a mean distance of 6 mm there was no increase of permeability, except, perhaps, of a very slight increase 6 to 8 days after infection. A possible cause of the increase of permeability and its relation to the increased respiration are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 74 (1968), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Het voorkomen van sporulerende kolonies vanCladosporium herbarum in de nabijheid van stuifmeelconcentraties op roggebladeren wekte de indruk dat stuifmeel een belangrijke bron van voedingsstoffen in de fyllosfeer zou kunnen zijn (Fig. 1 en 2). Een maand na de bloei bleek het stuifmeel nog in concentraties van ongeveer 100 korrels per cm2 bladoppervlak voor te komen (Tabel 1). Deze concentratie werd in de proeven aangehouden. De ontwikkeling vanC. herbarum op bladeren, geïnoculeerd met een sporensuspensie, werd vergeleken met die opbladeren behandeld met een mengsel van sporen en stuifmeelkorrels. Deze ontwikkeling werd 14 dagen na inoculatie bepaald door tellen van het aantal kolonies vanC. herbarum, verkregen uit het spoelwater, en van het aantal sporen aanwezig op epidermis-strips (Tabel 2 en 3). Het aantal kolonies van bladeren met stuifmeel was twee tot drie malen hoger dan het aantal kolonies van bladeren zonder stuifmeel Op epidermis-strips bleek de aanwezigheid van stuifmeel de sporulatie 4 tot 16 malen verhoogd te hebben. De door Kerling (1964) vermelde plotselinge toename vanCladosporium spp. en andere microörganismen op bladeren van rogge, in het veld na de bloei, kan verklaard worden door aanwezigheid van stuifmeel.
    Notes: Abstract The natural occurrence of actively sporing colonies ofCladosporium herbarum near pollen clusters on the surfaces of rye leaves, suggested that pollen might be an important source of nutrients in the phyllosphere. One month after flowering, concentrations of ca. 100 pollen grains/cm2 were not uncommon. When artificially inoculated to rye, the development ofC. herbarum was enhanced by simultaneous inoculation with 100 pollen grains/cm2. Numbers ofC. herbarum colonies developing on agar media from leaf washings taken 14 days after inoculation, were increased by a factor 2 to 3. Numbers of spores counted in situ increased by factors ranging from 4 to 16. The naturally occurring sudden increases in numbers of colonies ofCladosporium spp. and other micro-organisms, isolated from rye leaves after flowering, might be attributed, directly or indirectly, to an effect of pollen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 76 (1970), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Infectieus virus kon worden geïsoleerd uitHippeastrum-planten die mozaïekverschijnselen vertoonden, door middel van centrifugeren in een dichtheidsgradiënt. Het materiaal werd bekeken in een elektronenmicroscoop en gefotografeerd. De gemiddelde lengte van de buigzame staafies van hetHippeastrum-mozaïekvirus, berekend uit 600 metingen, bedraagt 643±24 nm.
    Notes: Abstract Infectious virus was isolated fromHippeastrum plants by density gradient centrifugation and examined with the electron microscope. The average lengths of the flexuous particles were 643±24 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting In veldproeven werden roggebladeren, voor de bloei en op verschillende tijdstippen na de bloei, geïnoculeerd metCochliobolus sativus (Helminthosporium sativum) teneinde het antagonisme tegen dit pathogeen door de van nature voorkomende schimmelflora —inclusief gisten—te bestuderen. Eerder uitgevoerde kasproeven hebben aangetoond dat saprofytische fyllosfeerschimmels met succes met perthotrofe pathogene schimmels wedijveren om de voedingsstoffen die vrijkomen uit het stuifmeel (Warren, 1972b; Fokkema, 1973). Verschillende niveaus van saprofytische bladkolonisatie werden verkregen door de proefveldjes met benomyl of met water te behandelen (Fig. 1).C. sativus is relatief weinig gevoelig voor benomyl. Het gemiddeld percentage necrotisch bladoppervlak ten gevolge van inoculatie metC. sativus vlak na de bloei was in 1972 en in 1973 ruim 60% lager op met water behandelde bladeren dan op met benomyl behandelde bladeren (Fig. 2). Op dit moment heeft de natuurlijke schimmelflora op de met water bespoten bladeren een populatiedichtheid bereikt van 10000 propagula per cm2 bladoppervlak in 1972 en van 3000 propagula per cm2 in 1973. Benomylbespuiting beperkte de kolonisatie tot 1200 en 400 propagula per cm2 in respectievelijk 1972 en 1973, hetgeen blijkbaar een reductie van de antagonistische capaciteit van de schimmelflora tot gevolg had. In 1974 bereikte de saprofytische kolonisatie op de met water behandelde bladeren, vlak na de bloei, slechts een niveau van 500 propagula per cm2, hetgeen niet genoeg bleek om antagonistisch te kunnen zijn. Benomyl had een gedifferentieerd effect op de aantallen fyllosfeerschimmels:Cryptococcus spp. (‘witte gisten’) werden niet nadelig beïnvloed,Sporobolomyces roseus (‘rode gisten’) enCladosporium spp. werden gereduceerd tot minder dan 6% van hun populaties op de contrôle bladeren, enAureobasidium pullulans werd geëlimineerd (Tabel 1). De bacterieflora varieerde enorm per blad en werd niet door benomyl beinvloed. Wanneer later in het seizoen in 1972 en in 1974 de ‘witte gisten’ op de met benomyl bespoten bladeren populatiedichtheden bereikten van 6500 propagula/cm2 of meer, dan was de infectie van deze bladeren vergelijkbaar met die van de met water behandelde bladeren met hogere populatiedichtheden (Fig. 2). Boven een populatiedichtheid van 6500 propagula/cm2 bestond er geen correlatie meer tussen de dichtheid van de antagonisten en hun werking.
    Notes: Abstract Different densities of saprophytic colonization of rye leaves were obtained in field experiments by spraying with benomyl or water. In 1972 and in 1973, inoculation withCochliobolus sativus, just after flowering, resulted in 60% less necrosis on water-sprayed leaves than on benomyl-sprayed leaves. At that time, the natural mycoflora of the water-sprayed leaves amounted to 10 000 and 3000 propagules per cm2 leaf surface in 1972 and 1973, respectively. The benomyl treatment reduced the colonization to 1200 and to 400 propagules per cm2 in 1972 and 1973, respectively, which implied an apparent reduction of the antagonistic capacity of the mycoflora. In 1974, the saprophytic colonization of the water-sprayed leaves reached only 500 propagules per cm2 just after flowering, a population density not high enough to be antagonistic. Benomyl had a differential effect on the phyllosphere fungi:Cryptococcus spp. were not affected,Sporobolomyces roseus andCladosporium spp. were reduced to less than 6% of the control populations, andAureobasidium pullulans was eliminated. When later in the seasons of 1972 and 1974 the ‘white yeasts’ on the benomyl-sprayed leaves reached population densities of 6500 propagules per cm2 and more, inoculation of these leaves resulted in a necrosis similar to that of the water-sprayed leaves with higher population densities. Above a population density of 6500 propagules per cm2 no correlation existed between the density of the antagonists and their action onC. sativus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 82 (1976), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aureobasidium pullulans, Sporobolomyces roseus enCryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens toegevoegd aan een conidiënsuspensie vanSeptoria nodorum verminderden de oppervlakkige myceliumgroei vanSeptoria en de infectie, van de bladeren tot de helft of meer (Tabel 1). Het effect op de sporekieming was gering. In vitro, op zgn. agarglaasjes, werd de myceliumgroei op vergelijkbare wijze geremd (Tabel 2). De concentrative van de saprofyten na inoculatie kwam overeen met in het veld voorkomende populatiedichtheden (Tabel 3).
    Notes: Abstract Aureobasidium pullulans, Sporobolomyces roseus, andCryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens, added to the inoculum, reduced the superficial mycelial growth ofSeptoria nodorum and the infection of wheat leaves by 50% or more. The mycelial growth was affected similarly in vitro, on slides covered with water agar. The antagonistic effect on germination was slight. The concentration of the saprophytes on the leaves after inoculation was comparable to population densities occurring on field-grown wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 315-336 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; grey mould ; sorulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sixty isolates of saprophytic microorganisms were screened for their ability to reduce the severity of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) infection and sporulation. Isolates of the bacteriaXanthomonas maltophilia, Bacillus pumilus, Lactobacillus sp., andPseudomonas sp. and the fungusGliocladium catenulatum reduced germination of conidia of the pathogen and controlled disease on bean and tomato plants. Their activity under growth room conditions was good, consistent, and similar to the activity of the known biocontrol agent,Trichoderma harzianum T39 (non-formulated). Although the tested isolates may for nutrients with the germinating conidia ofB. cinerea, resistance induced in the host by live or dead cells were also found to be involved. Inhibitory compounds were not detected on treated leaves. Sporulation ofB. cinerea after its establishment on leaves was also reduced by the above mentioned isolates and byPenicillium sp.,Arthrinium montagnei, Ar. phaeospermum, Sesquicillium candelabrum, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata, Ulocladium atrum, andT. viride. These sporulation-inhibiting fungi did not reduce the infection of leaves byB. cinerea. Most of these selected fungi and bacteria were capable of reducing lesion expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 209-232 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Sporobolomyces ; Cryptococcus ; biological control ; maneb ; anilazin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aphid honeydew on wheat leaves can affect host physiology directly and can stimulate infection by necrotrophic pathogens. The role of naturally occurring saprophytes on wheat flag leaves in removing aphid honeydew was examined in five field experiments at different locations in the Netherlands in 1987 and 1988. Aphid populations, saprophyte populations and aphid honeydew were measured weekly. Diseases were monitored at 1–4 week intervals. In the control treatment, sprayed with water, the naturally occurring saprophytes consumed the honeydew almost completely, except in one experiment in which the aphid population increased very rapidly. In the treatments in which the saprophytes were reduced by the broad-spectrum fungicide maneb in 1987 and with maneb alternated with anilazin in 1988, honeydew accumulated. The observed honeydew consumption by the naturally occurring saprophytic population is ascribed mainly to pink and white yeasts (Sporobolomyces spp. andCryptococcus spp., respectively). Additional treatments showed, that in the presence of the naturally occurring saprophytes the yield loss per aphid-infestation-day was lower than when the saprophytes were inhibited by fungicides, showing that yeasts can reduce the detrimental effect of aphid honeydew in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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