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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 96 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The topical application to human skin of a 1:1 aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide in a well drilled into a plastic block will provoke an infra-epidermal blister in an average time of about 13 min.The blister roof can be used for physico-chemical analyses of the horny layer while the base is suitable for studies of wound healing, bacterial infections, etc.The minimal blistering time (MBT) increases directly as the number of cell layers of the stratum corneum and ranges from 3 to 57 min in different regions and persons. The intensity of the dermatitis provoked by a 24 h exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate is strongly correlated with the MBT. The latter is therefore a reliable measure of cutaneous irritability.The blisters are virtually painless. The inflammatory reaction clinically and histologically is slight. Healing is rapid without scarring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb07148.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In memoriam Dipl.-Chem. Prof. Dr. med. Hellmut Ippen (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 39 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05886.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch test sensitization caused by para-tertiary-butylcatechol: (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 45 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Para-tertiary-butylcatechol (PTBC) has been patch tested in Europe at 1% in petrolatum (pet.) and is now suspected of induction of patch test sensitization. A prospective study was initiated to obtain detailed data on this undesirable risk. A dilution series of PTBC (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1% pet.) was used. Patch tests were read on days (D) 1–3, 7, 14 and 21 after application. Patients who were unable to return for late readings were telephoned and asked to report any reaction at the patch test sites. 40 out of 46 patients included completed the study. Patch tests were negative in 35 patients. 4 patients showed a positive patch test at later readings only (D7–D21); 2 patients reacted to a concentration as low as 0.1%. Rechallenge was performed in 2 of these patients, revealing a clearly positive reaction as early as D2 after patch test application. PTBC clearly induced patch test sensitization in 10% of the patients. It cannot be excluded that patch testing with 0.25% PTBC or with even lower concentrations might induce patch test sensitization. The optimal patch test concentration still has to be determined but may be within the range of 0.01% to 0.25% PTBC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450401.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fragrance contact dermatitis: a worldwide multicenter investigation (Part II) (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 44 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of responses to selected fragrance materials in patients who were fragrance sensitive. 178 patients were evaluated in 8 centers worldwide with a fragrance mix (FM) and 20 other fragrance materials. Reaction to the fragrance mixture (FM) occurred in 78.7% of the subjects. Substances reacting at a rate of 2% or higher included jasmine absolute, geranium oil bourbon, l-citronellol, spearmint oil, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran, omega-6-hexadecenlactone, dimethyltetrahydrobenzaldehyde (isomer mixture), and α-amylcinnamaldehyde. These chemicals should be furthur evaluated to corroborate their allergenicity. We are constantly looking for new fragrance allergens to extend the diagnostic capability of the fragrance mix (FM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.044006344.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adverse reactions to fragrances (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 36 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This article reviews side-effects of fragrance materials present in cosmetics with emphasis on clinical aspects: epidemiology, type, of adverse reactions, clinical picture, diagnostic procedures, and the sensitizers. Considering the ubiquitous occurrence of fragrance materials, the risk of side-effects is small. In absolute numbers, however, fragrance allergy is common, affecting approximately 1% of the general population. Although a detailed profile of patients sensitized to fragrances needs to be elucidated, common features of contact allergy are: axillary dermatitis, dermatitis of the face (including the eyelids) and neck, well-circumscribed patches in areas of “dubbing-on” perfumes (wrists, behind the ears) and (aggravation of) hand eczema. Depending on the degree of sensitivity, the severity of dermatitis may range from mild to severe with dissemination and even erythroderma. Airborne or “connubial” contact dermatitis should always be suspected. Other less frequent adverse reactions to fragrances are photocontact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions and pigmentary changes. The fragrance mix, although very useful for the detection of sensitive patients, both causes False-positive and false-negative reactions, and detects only 70% of perfume-allergic patients. Therefore, future research should be directed at increasing the sensitivity and the specificity of the mix. Relevance is said to be established in 50–65% of positive reactions, but accurate criteria are needed. Suggestions are made for large-scale investigation of several fragrances on the basis of literature data and frequency of use in cosmetics. The literature on adverse reactions to balsam of Peru (an indicator for fragrance sensitivity), essential oils (which currently appear to be used more in aromatherapy than in perfumery) and on fragrances used as flavours and spices in foods and beverages is not discussed in detail, but pertinent side-effects data are tabulated and relevant literature is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00418.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact allergy to calcipotriol does exist (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 40 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A 64-year-old woman developed an itchy papulovesicular dermatitis at the periphery of psoriatic plaques on the lower legs after the daily application of calcipotriol ointment (Psorcutan® Salbe) for 2 weeks. She had used the same ointment for 4 weeks 6 months before. Patch testing revealed strongly positive reactions to the marketed product and to the active ingredient calcipotriol in a concentration series (2.0, 10.0 and 50.0 μg/ml in isopropyl alcohol). A repeated open application test (ROAT) on the forearms showed a vesicular dermatitis after 4 days on the side that received the calcipotriol ointment, whereas the control with the placebo ointment remained completely negative. Histologic examination of the ++ patch test reaction was in line with the picture of contact allergy. Retesting after 6 months confirmed the hyper sensitivity, with a positive reaction even at 0.4 μg/ml. For comparison, the ROAT with calcipotriol ointment was performed for 2 weeks on both forearms of 15 volunteers never exposed to calcipotriol before. Only 2 subjects developed a slight reaction on days 5 and 11, respectively. Based on this case and on previous reports in the literature, calcipotriol must now be regarded as both a contact allergen and an irritant. For patch testing, a concentration of 2 μg/ml in isopropyl alcohol is the most suitable. If the reaction is only weakly positive and not reproducible after some time, it might be of the irritant type. In unclear cases, a ROAT should be performed. A severe papulovesicular dermatitis within 1 week will confirm the presence of contact allergy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb05993.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An improved human model for the quantification of skin barrier creams (BCs) is described. In contrast to the previously published procedure, the back, instead of the forearm, and a total of 4 irritants are used. Due to the larger area, 3 BC formulations can be simultaneously compared to the control field, which receives the irritant only, without BC-pretreatment. On 10 human volunteers, the irritants 10% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 30% lactic acid (LA) and undiluted toluene (TOL) were applied via large Finn Chambers for 30 min, 5 × during the 1st week and 4 × during the 2nd week. Taktosan Salbe (water-in-oil emulsion) and RAWI Speerschutzcreme (oil-in-water emulsion) were applied 30 min before contact with the irritants. In order to asses reproducibility and interindividual variation, the BC RAWI was tested in duplicate. Irritant cutaneous reactions were quantified by 4 parameters: erythema score, transepidermal water loss, blood flow volume and stratum corneum hydration by measuring capacitance. The results showed marked differences in efficacy. Taktosan significantly suppressed irritation by SLS, NaOH and LA, which was apparent in nearly all parameters. RAWI caused significant inhibition of SLS irritation, and a positive trend against NaOH and LA was observed. Both BCs failed against TOL. The results of duplicate testing with RAWI showed good reproducibility. The dogma that oil-in-water emulsions are primarily effective against lipophilic irritants, and water-in-oil emulsions against hydrophilic irritants, needs to be re-evaluated on the basis of our findings. This model seems to have potential for further studies on BCs and might elucidate the complex interaction of BCs with irritants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01957.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 29 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 2 barrier creams (BC) were evaluated against the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) using a new human test model. In the repetitive irritation test (RIT) on human skin, the irritant SLS is applied to the ventral forearm of Healthy volunteers daily for 2 weeks. 1%, 5%, and 10% SLS is exposed to the skin for 30 min. using a glass cup 2.5 cm in diameter. The BC is applied 30 min before the irritant. Cutaneous irritation is assessed on a score for erythema (0 to 5+), and quantified by various biophysical techniques: transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by evaporimetry, skin blood flow volume (BFV) by laser-Doppler velocimetry, and -skill colour bi colorimetry (La* value). 10 subjects were tested with SLS on one forearm without pretreatment (control) and with Taktosan Salbe as BC on the other forearm. A 2nd panel of 10 subjects was tested in the same way with SLS and Marly skin as BC. Taktosan Salbe was extremely effective in reducing the irritation by SLS: there were significant differences regarding all lest parameters for 10% SLS in the 2nd week. The most differentiating parameter was TEWL, revealing statistical differences as early as the 1st week for 10%. SLS and Taktosan Salbe, while the least differentiating sensitivity was found for La*. In contrast, there was no significant suppression of irritancy in any parameter with Marly skin, either in the 1st week or in the 2nd week with any concentration of SLS. The results show the differentiating potential of the model developed. Results obtained with the previously described animal model are confirmed- Noninvasive biophysical techniques, particularly TEWL measurements, might be extremely valuable in identifying new active ingredients of BC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03507.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of skin barrier creams (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 29 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A popular “skin protector” consisting of an emulsion-like foam of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances (Marly skin®) was evaluated in a previously described repetitive irritation guinea pig model, The product failed to inhibit the irritation due 10 sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene. In striking contrast to the recommended use, the irritant response of sodium hydroxide was aggravated, as demonstrated by significant differences for all test parameters (clinical score for erythema and scaling, transepidermal water loss, blood How volume). The results show that protection against chemical irritants may be quite specific and that some formulations may actually be harmful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03486.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact allergy to imidazole antimycotics (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 18 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Between 1977 and 1986, 9 pateints with contact allergy to the active ingredient of imidazole cotics were found at the Department of Dermatology, University of fHeidelberg. The number of positive reaction decreased in the following order: miconazole (6), clotrimazole (3), econazole (3), isoconazole (3), and oxiconazole (1). When 5 patients were tested with a series of imidazoles in different concentratioins and vehicles (petrolatum, ethyl methyl ketone, ethanol), etrolatum turned out to be the least effective one. The active ingredient at 1% in ethanol seems to be the most suitable to miconazole or clotrimazole, since no cross reactivity was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02743.x
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