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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of nitrogen stress on the stable carbon isotope composition, productivity and water use efficiency of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 
 A, assimilation rate
a, fractionation against 13C for CO2 diffusion through air
b, net fractionation against 13C during CO2 fixation
Ca, ambient CO2 concentration
Cc, CO2 concentration at the chloroplast
Ci, intercellular CO2 concentration
D, vapour pressure deficit
En, needle transpiration rate
Ep, whole plant water use
gw, leaf internal transfer conductance to CO2
gs, stomatal conductance to water vapour
L, projected leaf area
NUE, nitrogen use efficiency
PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate
Rubisco, ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase
TDR, time domain reflectometry
WUE, water use efficiency
Δ, carbon isotope discrimination
δ13C, carbon isotope abundance parameter
δ13Ca, carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2
θ, volumetric soil water content

The effect of nitrogen stress on needle δ13C, water-use efficiency (WUE) and biomass production in irrigated and dry land white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was investigated. Sixteen hundred seedlings, representing 10 controlled crosses, were planted in the field in individual buried sand-filled cylinders. Two nitrogen treatments were imposed, nitrogen stressed and fertilized. The ranking of δ13C of the crosses was maintained across all combinations of water and nitrogen treatments and there was not a significant genetic versus environmental interaction. The positive relationships between needle δ13C, WUE and dry matter production demonstrate that it should be possible to use δ13C as a surrogate for WUE, and to select for increased WUE without compromising yield, even in nitrogen deficient environments. Nitrogen stressed seedlings had the lowest needle δ13C in both irrigated and dry land conditions. There was a positive correlation between needle nitrogen content and δ13C that was likely associated with increased photosynthetic capacity. There was some indication that decreased nitrogen supply led to increased stomatal conductance and hence lower WUE. There was a negative correlation between intrinsic water use efficiency and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This suggests that white spruce seedlings have the ability to maximize NUE when water becomes limited. There was significant genetic variation in NUE that was maintained across treatments. Our results suggest that in white spruce, there is no detectable effect of anaplerotic carbon fixation and that it is more appropriate to use a value of 29‰ (‘Rubisco only’) for the net discrimination against 13C during CO2 fixation. This leads to excellent correspondence between values of Ci/Ca derived from gas exchange measurements or from δ13C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00400.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of fluxes and compartmentation of nitrate and ammonium in early-successional tree species (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 13NO3– and 13NH4+ compartmental analyses were carried out in seedling roots of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) at 0·1 and 1·5 mol m–3 external NO3– or NH4+ concentrations ([NO3–]o or [NH4+]o, respectively). At the lower [NO3–]o, the capacities and efficiencies of acquisition and accumulation of NO3–, based upon NO3– fluxes and cytoplasmic NO3– concentrations ([NO3–]c), were in the order aspen 〉〉 Douglas-fir 〉 pine. At 1·5 mol m–3[NO3–]o, the NO3– influx increased 18-fold in pine, four-fold in Douglas-fir and approximately 1·4-fold in aspen; in fact, at 1·5 mol m–3[NO3–]o, the NO3– influx in pine was higher than in aspen. However, at high [NO3–]o, efflux also increased in the two conifers to a much greater extent than in aspen. In aspen, at both [NO3–]o, approximately 30% of the 13N absorbed was translocated to the shoot during 57 min of 13N loading and elution, compared with less than 10% in the conifers. At 0·1 mol m–3[NH4+]o, influx and net flux were in the order: aspen 〉 pine 〉 Douglas-fir but the differences were much less than in NO3– fluxes. At 1·5 mol m–3[NH4+]o, NH4+ influx, efflux and [NH4+]c greatly increased in aspen and Douglas-fir and, to a much lesser extent, in pine. In aspen, 29 and 12% of the 13N absorbed was translocated to the shoot at 0·1 and 1·5 mol m–3[NH4+]o, respectively, compared with 5 to 7% in the conifers at either [NH4+]o. These patterns of nitrogen (N) uptake, particularly in the case of NO3–, and the observed concentration responses of NO3– uptake, reflect the availability of N in the ecological niches, to which these species are adapted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00450.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity in trembling aspen and lodgepole pine (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 13NO3– influx into the roots and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in the roots and leaves have been measured in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings after exposure to either 0·1 or 1·5 mol m–3 NO3– for varying periods up to 20 d. Both NO3– influx and NRA were inducible in these species and, in trembling aspen, peak induction of nitrate influx and NRA were achieved within 12 h, compared to 2–4 d for influx and 4–12 d for NRA in lodgepole pine. In trembling aspen, ≈ 30% of the total 13N absorbed during a 10 min influx period followed by 2 min of desorption was translocated to the shoot. In lodgepole pine, by contrast, translocation of 13N to the shoot was undetectable during the same time period. Root NRA as well as NO3– influx from 0·1 mol m–3 NO3– were substantially higher in trembling aspen than in lodgepole pine at all stages of NO3– exposure, i.e. during the uninduced, the peak induction, and steady-state stages. In order to examine whether the lower rates of NO3– influx and NRA were related to proportionately fewer young (unsuberized) roots in lodgepole pine, we determined these parameters in young and old (suberized) roots of this species separately. Induction of influx and NRA were initially greater in young roots but at steady-state there were only minor differences between the young and the old roots. However, even the elevated initial rates in the young roots of lodgepole pine were substantially lower than those of aspen. In pine, influx at 1·5 mol m–3 NO3– was ~ 6-fold higher than at 0·1 mol m–3 NO3– and appeared to be mostly via a constitutive system. By contrast, in aspen, steady-state influxes at 0·1 and 1·5 mol m–3 were not significantly different, being similar to the rate attained by pine at only the higher [NO3–]. In aspen, leaf NRA was ~ 2-fold higher than that of roots. In lodgepole pine NRA of the needles was below the detection limit. These results show that trembling aspen seedlings are better adapted for NO3– acquisition and utilization than lodgepole pine seedlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00340.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis and the influence of CO2-enrichment on δ13C values in a C3 halophyte (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shifts in †13C of the graminaceous C3 halophyte Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitch. can be induced by salinization. To investigate this phenomenon, three approaches were taken: assay of carboxylases, CO2-enrichment studies, and gas exchange analysis. Although ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity decreased with salinity, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity did not increase and its levels were not atypical of C3 plants. When plants were grown at four NaCl concentrations under atmospheres of 310 and 1300 cm3 m−3 CO2, the CO2-enrichment enhanced the effects of salinity on †13C. This is consistent with a biophysical explanation for salt-induced shifts in †13C, whereby there is a steepening of the CO2 diffusion gradient into the leaf. Gas exchange analysis indicated that intercellular CO2 concentrations were depressed in the leaves of salt-affected plants. This resulted from a greatly decreased stomatal conductance coupled with only small effects on intrinsic photosynthetic capacity. Water-use efficiency was enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11614337
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable carbon isotopes as indicators of increased water use efficiency and productivity in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationship among water use efficiency (WUE), productivity and carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was investigated. Sixteen hundred seedlings representing 10 controlled crosses were planted in the field in individual buried sand-filled cylinders. The soil water content in the cylinders was measured using time domain reflectometry over two growing seasons and seedling water use determined by water balance. Two watering treatments were imposed: irrigation and dry land. There was significant (1.6–2.0%c) genetic variation in needle δ13C. Ranking of crosses in terms of δ13C was generally maintained over watering treatments and there was not a significant genetic versus environmental interaction. There was a positive correlation between δ13C and both intrinsic and long-term WUE (more positive δ13C with increased WUE) and between δ13C and productivity, suggesting a correlation due to variation in photosynthetic capacity. Root to shoot ratios did not increase in water-stressed plants, indicating that responses to drought were primarily at the level of gas exchange, rather than through morphological changes. Our results indicate that it should be possible to use δ13C as a surrogate for WUE and to select white spruce genotypes for high WUE without compromising yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00425.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic acclimation to low temperature by western red cedar seedlings (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Imposition of low, but above freezing, temperatures resulted in a gradual increase in the cold hardiness of western red cedar seedlings. This was associated with a decrease in the maximum rates of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and O2 evolution, and changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence transients which indicated that photoinhibition had occurred. Maximum photosynthetic rates declined approximately 40% during cold hardening. The leaves changed colour from green to red-brown during the hardening process. The colour change was due to the synthesis of large amounts of the carotenoid rhodoxanthin. Lutein levels doubled, while chlorophyll declined slightly. Dehardening resulted in the rapid recovery of photosynthesis to control levels, the rapid disappearance of rhodoxanthin, and the return of lutein levels to control. It is suggested that rhodoxanthin accumulation at low temperature functions to decrease the light intensity reaching the photosynthetic apparatus. The combination of photoinhibition and rhodoxanthin synthesis probably serves to protect the photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings at low temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00490.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N addition rates on the productivity ofPicea Sitchensis,Thuja plicata, andTsuga heterophylla seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 198-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Photosynthesis ; Picea sitchensis ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of differing, exponentially increasing rates of N addition (0.025, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 gN gN-1day-1) on photosynthesis, discrimination against13C and partitioning of foliar N to chlorophyll and major photosynthetic proteins were compared in seedlings of the evergreen conifersPicea sitchensis, Thuja plicata andTsuga heterophylla. T. heterophylla had the lowest range of foliar N concentrations (Nlm). Across species, photosynthetic rates (A) increased linearly with Nlm to a maximum at 21 mg g-1 and declined at higher Nlms. Species differences inA resulted from differences in Nlm, not from differences in photosynthetic N use efficiency. Self-shading may have causedA to decline at a high Nlm inP. sitchensis andT. plicata. Measurements of gas exchange and δ13C suggested that carboxylation capacity increased more than did stomatal conductance as Nlm increased. The responses were small and confined to Nlms associated with the lesser rates of N addition. Concentrations of total protein, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHC) increased with Nlm, but the fraction of foliar N allocated to RUBISCO and LHC increased with Nlm only inP. sitchensis and only between the 0.025 and 0.05N regimes. The responsiveness ofA and concentrations of RUBISCO to Nlm were less than reported for deciduous C3 species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340772
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N addition rates on the productivity of Picea Sitchensis, Thuja plicata, and Tsuga heterophylla seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 198-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen ; Photosynthesis ; Picea sitchensis ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of differing, exponentially increasing rates of N addition (0.025, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 gN gN–1day–1) on photosynthesis, discrimination against 13C and partitioning of foliar N to chlorophyll and major photosynthetic proteins were compared in seedlings of the evergreen conifers Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla. T. heterophylla had the lowest range of foliar N concentrations (Nlm). Across species, photosynthetic rates (A) increased linearly with Nlm to a maximum at 21 mg g–1 and declined at higher Nlms. Species differences in A resulted from differences in Nlm, not from differences in photosynthetic N use efficiency. Self-shading may have caused A to decline at a high Nlm in P. sitchensis and T. plicata. Measurements of gas exchange and δ13C suggested that carboxylation capacity increased more than did stomatal conductance as Nlm increased. The responses were small and confined to Nlms associated with the lesser rates of N addition. Concentrations of total protein, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHC) increased with Nlm, but the fraction of foliar N allocated to RUBISCO and LHC increased with Nlm only in P. sitchensis and only between the 0.025 and 0.05N regimes. The responsiveness of A and concentrations of RUBISCO to Nlm were less than reported for deciduous C3 species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009648
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic pattern of genetic variation in photosynthetic capacity and growth in two hardwood species from British Columbia (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 168-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Intraspecific genetic variation ; Photosynthesis ; Frost hardiness ; Climate change ; Growing season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Geographic patterns of intraspecific variations in traits related to photosynthesis and biomass were examined in two separate common garden experiments using seed collected from 26 Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata Rydb.) and 18 paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) populations from climatically diverse locations in British Columbia, Canada. Exchange rates of carbon dioxide and water vapour were measured on 2-year-old seedlings to determine the maximum net instantaneous photosynthetic rate, mesophyll conductance, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic water use efficiency. Height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry mass and fall frost hardiness data were also obtained. Mean population maximum photosynthetic rate ranged from 10.35 to 14.57 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1 in Sitka alder and from 14.76 to 17.55 µmol CO2 m–2 s–1 in paper birch. Based on canonical correlation analyses, populations from locations with colder winters and shorter (but not necessarily cooler) summers had higher maximum photosynthetic rates implying the existence of an inverse relationship between leaf longevity and photosynthetic capacity. Significant canonical variates based on climatic variables derived for the seed collection sites explained 58% and 41% of variation in the rate of photosynthesis in Sitka alder and paper birch, respectively. Since growing season length is reflected in date of frost hardiness development, an intrinsic relationship was found between photosynthetic capacity and the level of fall frost hardiness. The correlation was particularly strong for paper birch (r=–0.77) and less strong for Sitka alder (r=–0.60). Mean population biomass accumulation decreased with increased climate coldness. These patterns may be consequential for evaluation of the impact of climate change and extension of the growing season on plant communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whole-plant nitrogen- and water-relations traits, and their associated trade-offs, in adjacent muskeg and upland boreal spruce species (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 110 (1997), S. 160-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Water-use efficiency ; Nitrogen-use efficiency ; Carbon isotope discrimination ; Picea mariana ; Picea glauca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Black and white spruce (Picea mariana and P. glauca) exhibit a striking micro-geographic distribution pattern at the southern edge of the boreal forest. Black spruce grows in flooded nutrient-poor muskegs, while white spruce is found primarily on drier upland sites, and the two rarely form mixed stands. In an attempt to characterize the physiological and, hence, mechanistic basis of this pattern, we sampled five adjacent populations of black and white spruce from northern British Columbia and measured a suite of physiological and allocative characteristics, and associated trade-offs, that may be important to survival in habitats limited in nutrient or water availability. Two laboratory experiments were conducted: a greenhouse dry-down experiment to assess relative degree of drought tolerance; and a 2×2 nested factorial experiment in which seedlings were subjected to varying water and nitrogen regimes for approximately 16 weeks. White spruce was more drought-tolerant (i.e., maintained positive net photosynthesis at lower shoot water potential) and more efficient in water-use (as indicated by carbon isotopic composition) than black spruce. Black spruce was found to be significantly less sensitive to nitrogen stress, exhibited greater plasticity in nitrogen-use efficiency (measured as the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in total plant tissue), and had a greater specific N absorption rate under high-N conditions than white spruce. Trade-offs hypothesized to be associated with these nitrogen and water relations traits were examined, but few were confirmed. Water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency did not trade-off between species, but did trade-off plastically (i.e., across treatments) within species. When exposed to simultaneous limitations of N and water both species were forced to utilize each resource with suboptimal efficiency. The change in isotopic composition per unit change in C/N ratio was not the same in the two species. This difference may reflect optimization of the trade-off, whereby each species maximizes the use efficiency of the most limiting resource (respective to its habitat), while minimizing the concomitant reduction in the use efficiency of the other resource.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050145
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