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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic markers for identification of Patagonian toothfish and Antarctic toothfish (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 58 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Fillet samples of the toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and D. mawsoni can be distinguished readily by muscle proteins revealed by isoelectric focusing and mitochondrial DNA markers. The proteins also distinguish toothfish from other species marketed under similar trade names.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00565.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A genetic basis for geographic variation in shell morphology in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 128 (1997), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, exhibits extensive variation in morphology among geographically separated populations, resulting in the recognition of three major subspecies (A. i. irradians, A. i. concentricus, A. i. amplicostatus). The extent to which morphological variation results from differing environmental conditions is unknown. In the present study, bay scallops from Massachusetts, North Carolina, Florida, and Texas were collected, spawned and the offspring reared in a common garden experiment to determine if scallops cultured under similar environmental conditions exhibited the morphology expected given the geographic origin of their parents. Significant differences among populations were indicated by ANOVA in both the wild-caught (13/14 morphological characters) and cultured (11/14 characters) scallops. Principal components analysis clustered wild-caught scallops according to geographic origin and cultured scallops according to geographic ancestry. The morphological characters most influential in resolving groups were plical width, plical spacing, number of plicae and valve convexity. Geographic variation in morphology apparently has a strong genetic basis, and reflects significant differentiation among disjunct populations of bay scallops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050073
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences support an Asian origin for the Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata (1998)
    Springer
    Marine biology 131 (1998), S. 497-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck, 1819) was long assumed to be native to the northeastern Atlantic, however, a number of lines of evidence now indicate that it is a close relative, or identical, to the Asian Pacific oyster C. gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain how this strikingly disjunct geographic distribution may have come about: ancient vicariance events, recent anthropogenic introduction to Asia and recent anthropogenic introduction to Europe. We have performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of C. angulata based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data for a 579-nucleotide fragment of cytochrome oxidase I. Our results show that Portuguese oyster haplotypes cluster robustly within a clade of Asian congeners and are closely related, but not identical, to C. gigas from Japan. The mitochondrial data are the first to show that Portuguese oysters are genetically distinct from geographically representative samples of Japanese Pacific oysters. Our phylogenetic analyses are consistent with a recent introduction of C. angulata to Europe either from a non-Japanese Asian source population or from a subsequently displaced Japanese source population. Genetic characterization of Pacific oysters throughout their Asian range is necessary to fully reveal the phylogenetic relationships among Portuguese and Pacific oysters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050341
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heterozygosity on metabolism during starvation in the American oysterCrassostrea virginica (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 80 (1984), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crassostrea virginica were collected in winter from the Nissequogue estuary, Long Island, New York, USA and starved for 42 d at 20°C in 28‰ salinity. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and ammonia excretion (VNH4), measured at about 20-d intervals, and changes in dry weight and carbohydrate content were tested for relationship with heterozygosity at six enzyme loci. Rate of decline in tissue dry weight during starvation was size-dependent, small oysters losing weight faster than large individuals. There was a significant effect of heterozygosity, the rate of weight loss decreasing with increasing heterozygosity. No significant correlation was found between heterozygosity and carbohydrate depletion rate, VO2 or VNH4. Carbohydrate content was positively correlated with size before and after starvation. Carbohydrate depletion contributed less to weight loss in small than in large oysters. This suggests that more lipid and protein was catabolised in small oysters. VO2 and VNH4 declined during the course of the experiment. There was good agreement between energy loss estimated from decline in dry weight and energy loss estimated from physiological measurements. We conclude that heterozygotes conserve weight more efficiently under temperature and nutritive stress and that this may be expected to enhance viability and growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180185
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth, condition and specific dynamic action in the mussel Mytilus edulis recovering from starvation (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 93 (1986), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile Mytilus edulis were grown individually in plastic racks in a tidal salt marsh for 72 d in 1984, starved in the laboratory for 130 d, and then fed the alga Isochrysis galbana daily for 64 d. Oxygen consumption was measured at various times during the course of starvation and recovery. The effects of both size (tissue dry weight) and condition (tissue size relative to shell size) on the rate of oxygen consumption during the course of starvation and recovery were analyzed by multiple regression. Weight-specific preprandial rate was inversely correlated with both size and condition. Weight-specific active rate (measured shortly after feeding) was correlated with size but not condition. Relative Scope for Activity was inversely correlated with size and positively correlated with condition. Relative Specific Dynamic Action (RSDA; the integrated physiological and mechanical response to a meal) was initially correlated negatively with size and subsequently positively with condition. Glycogen content was shown to be positively correlated with condition in mussels before starvation and during recovery. During recovery, experimental mussels returned to 90% of their estimated dry weight prior to starvation, and from 53% after starvation. At weekly intervals during recovery, oxygen consumption was measured following a meal until it returned to the preprandial rate. Both pre- and postprandial volumes (μl at STP) of oxygen consumed per hour ( $$\dot V$$ O 2pre and $$\dot V$$ O 2post , respectively) increased significantly during recovery. The postprandial rise in oxygen consumption increased significantly from 15% to 23% of $$\dot V$$ O 2pre . At the end of the recovery period, RSDA [( $$\dot V$$ O 2post − $$\dot V$$ O 2pre )/ $$\dot V$$ O 2pre ] was independent of final dry weight, but was significantly correlated with percent dry weight recovered (r 2=0.44; df=10; P〈0.02). The increase in RSDA may reflect increased utilization of food and its conversion to soma during recovery from starvation, as distinct from mechanical energy expenditure (feeding activity) following a meal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401108
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic heterozygosity and growth rate in Mytilus edulis (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 82 (1984), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individuals of Mytilus edulis of the same age (ca 2 months) were collected as spat from natural populations. Relative growth rates were determined among individuals differing in heterozygosity at five enzyme loci. Growth rate was positively correlated with individual heterozygosity and each of the five loci contributed about equally to the relatinship. More heterozygous individuals also achieved more uniform average growth rates. Although there was a deficiency of heterozygotes at each locus, relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, the magnitude of the deficiency, measured as FIS, was less among faster growing mussels. Our results conform closely with those of Zouros et al. (1980) on the American oyster. We conclude that the relationship between multiple locus heterozygosity and growth rate is one that is general to a diversity of outbreeding plant and animal populations. Other studies indicate that this relationship is due to a greater average metabolic efficiency of more heterozygous individuals. This relationship does not emerge from experimental designs in which there has been limited genetic sampling of the natural genetic variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392757
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