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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differentiation ofMytilus edulis in eastern North America (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 79 (1984), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is significant differentiation at five polymorphic loci ofMytilus edulis among certain geographical areas of the Atlantic coast of North America. Non-metric multidimensional numerical methods distinguished three population groups: (I) populations south of Cape Cod, (II) populations throughout the Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, areas of both southern and northern Newfoundland, and southern Hudson Bay, and (III) populations in southeastern Nova Scotia, northern Newfoundland and Hudson Strait, Quebec. Each subset consists of populations that exhibit characteristic multilocus, multiple allele genotypes. Populations in Groups II and III are spatially interdigitated among each other. At least one geographical area of mixing between genetically distinct populations occurs in northeastern Newfoundland. There is no evidence for interbreeding among genetically distinct individuals in mixed populations, suggesting the possibility that populations in the Atlantic Canadian Provinces and areas of northern Canada may consist of two distinct species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00951820
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple-locus heterozygosity, mortality, and growth in a cohort of Mytilus edulis (1985)
    Springer
    Marine biology 88 (1985), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A positive correlation between the degree of individual heterozygosity (H) at five polymorphic enzyme loci and shell length was reported for a cohort of Mytilus edulis L. sampled in September, 1983, two months after settlement (Koehn and Gaffney, 1984). In the present study, the same cohort was resampled four and eight months after settlement in November, 1983, and April, 1984, respectively. Among individuals four months of age, there was a small, but statistically significant, negative correlation between H and shell length. In this sample, heterozygote deficiency in the cohort was less than that of any size group in the September sample. The reversal of the H-size relationship between September and November suggests that differential mortality, particularly among small, homozygous individuals, occurred in this period. For individuals eight months of age, there was no correlation between H and shell length, there was no heterozygote deficiency in the cohort and the average heterozygosity was the same as that of the largest individuals in September. At the youngest age, there was a positive relationship, between H and growth rate; as aging occurred, differential mortality altered the relationship between H and growth rate. viability differences among heterozygosity classes obscured the original effect of H on growth rate. If there is a positive relationship between heterozygosity and size, it can most likely be detected from sampling a large outbreeding population before differential mortality occurs and before energy is allocated to reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392588
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation in the eel: a critique (1972)
    Springer
    Marine biology 14 (1972), S. 179-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of papers have dealt with protein variation in samples of eels of the genus Anguilla from throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. Examination of these published data from the standpoint of observed electrophoretic variations as well as statistical comparisons with genetic models, suggests that most genetic inferences concerning eels have been unjustified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373216
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species ofMytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 111 (1991), S. 323-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many authors have considered the common mussels in temperate waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to be a single cosmopolitan species,Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Others have divided these mussels into several subspecies or species. Samples of mussels were collected from 36 locations in the Northern Hemisphere and nine locations in the Southern Hemisphere. Electrophoretic evidence from eight loci indicates that the Northern Hemisphere samples consist of three electrophoretically distinguishable species:M. edulis from eastern North America and western Europe;M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 from the Mediterranean Sea, western Europe, California, and eastern Asia; andM. trossulus Gould, 1850 from the Baltic Sea, eastern Canada, western North America and the Pacific coast of Siberia. Mussels from Chile, Argentina, the Falkland Islands and the Kerguelen Islands contain alleles characteristic of all three Northern Hemisphere species, but because they are most similar toM. edulis from the Northern Hemisphere, we suggest that they tentatively be included inM. edulis. These South American samples are morphologically intermediate between Northern HemisphereM. edulis andM. trossulus. Mussels from Australia and New Zealand are similar in allele frequency and morphometric characters toM. galloprovincialis from the Northern Hemisphere. FossilMytilus sp. are present in Australia, New Zealand and South America, which suggests that the Southern Hemisphere populations may be native, rather than introduced by humans. Morphometric characters were measured on samples which the allozyme data indicated contained a single species. Canonical variates analysis of the morphometric characters yields functions which distinguish among our samples of the species in the Northern Hemisphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of the antitropical distribution pattern in marine mussels (Mytilus spp.): routes and timing of transequatorial migration (2000)
    Springer
    Marine biology 136 (2000), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many marine species, including mussels in the Mytilus edulis species group (i.e. M. edulis L., M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, and M. trossulus Gould), have an antitropical distribution pattern, with closely related taxa occurring in high latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres but being absent from the tropics. We tested four hypotheses to explain the timing and route of transequatorial migration by species with antitropical distributions. These hypotheses yield different predictions for the phylogenetic relationship of southern hemisphere taxa relative to their northern counter-parts. The three Mytilus species were used to test these hypotheses since they exhibit a typical antitropical distribution and representative taxa occur in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Two types of mtDNA lineages were found among populations of mussels collected from the southern hemisphere between 1988 and 1996; over 90% of the mtDNA lineages formed a distinct subclade which, on average, had 1.4% divergence from haplotypes found exclusively in northern Atlantic populations of M. galloprovincialis. These data indicate that southern hemisphere mussels arose from a migration event from the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene via an Atlantic route. The remainder of the southern hemisphere lineages (〈10%) were very closely related to mtDNA haplotypes found in both M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis in the northern hemisphere, suggesting a second, more recent migration to the southern hemisphere. There was no evidence that southern hemisphere mussels arose from Pacific populations of mussels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050010
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic heterozygosity and growth rate in Mytilus edulis (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 82 (1984), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individuals of Mytilus edulis of the same age (ca 2 months) were collected as spat from natural populations. Relative growth rates were determined among individuals differing in heterozygosity at five enzyme loci. Growth rate was positively correlated with individual heterozygosity and each of the five loci contributed about equally to the relatinship. More heterozygous individuals also achieved more uniform average growth rates. Although there was a deficiency of heterozygotes at each locus, relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, the magnitude of the deficiency, measured as FIS, was less among faster growing mussels. Our results conform closely with those of Zouros et al. (1980) on the American oyster. We conclude that the relationship between multiple locus heterozygosity and growth rate is one that is general to a diversity of outbreeding plant and animal populations. Other studies indicate that this relationship is due to a greater average metabolic efficiency of more heterozygous individuals. This relationship does not emerge from experimental designs in which there has been limited genetic sampling of the natural genetic variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392757
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamete production, somatic growth and multiple-locus enzyme heterozygosity inMytilus edulis (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 90 (1986), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mussels,Mytilus edulis L., were collected from the lower shore in Stony Brook Harbor, New York, USA, in April 1984. The mussels were in spawning condition at the time of collection. Mantle weight was used as an index of fecundity and somatic tissue weight and growth rate were measured so that the relative production of gametes and somatic tissue with age could be calculated. For each individual mussel the genotypes at loci coding for five enzymes were determined. Somatic tissue production exceeds gamete production for the first two and a half years of life, but thereafter it declines and is exceeded by gamete production. There is a positive correlation between multiple-locus enzyme heterozygosity and fecundity in mussels which have grown beyond the size at which gamete production starts to exceed somatic production. There is no correlation between heterozygosity and fecundity in younger individuals. We conclude that the higher scope for growth of more heterozygous bivalves, described elsewhere, is translated into allocation of energy to somatic growth during early life and into gamete production in later life. Our observations perhaps explain why, in other studies, the correlation between growth rate and heterozygosity in bivalves is manifested most clearly when young individuals are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569129
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary genetics of the Mytilus edulis complex in the North Atlantic region (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 98 (1988), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic relationships among Mytilus populations throughout the North Atlantic region, including the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea, were studied using enzyme electrophoresis. Three distinct groups of populations, each of a remarkably wide distribution, can be recognised on the basis of their multilocus allelic composition: (1) M. galloprovincialis L. of the Mediterranean and western Europe; (2) a genetically distinct form of M. edulis Lmk. from both the Baltic Sea and some localities in the Canadian Maritime Provinces (here provisionally termed the “trossulus type mussel”); and (3) the traditional “Atlantic” M. edulis populations of northwestern European coasts and most of eastern North America. These groups are regarded as representing three relatively old evolutionary lineages, which all deserve separate and equal systematic status. The main part of the differentiation at most of the loci studied is accounted for by this major systematic pattern, but considerable geographical differentiation within each of the three principal groups was also detected. At single loci, different electromorphs were found to prevail in disjunct populations of M. galloprovincialis (Mediterranean/Britain) and of the trossulus-type mussel (Baltic/eastern Canada). Within the Atlantic M. edulis, a major part of the differentiation is transoceanic. At one locus (Ap), geographic differentiation appeared to be relatively independent of the systematic boundaries; the possible role of interlineage hybridisation in contact areas in regulating the pattern of geographical variation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392658
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The musselsMytilus galloprovincialis andM. trossulus on the Pacific coast of North America (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 99 (1988), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most recent authors have called the bay mussels of the Pacific coast of North AmericaMytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Thirteen samples ofedulis-like mussels were collected from California, Oregon, and Alaska, USA, in 1985, 1986 and 1987. Electrophoretic evidence from wight loci indicates that these samples consist of two genetically distinct groups, neither of which is similar toM. edulis from the Atlantic Ocean. Mussels in southern California are very similar toM. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 from the Mediterranean Sea; it is probable thatM. galloprovincialis was introduced accidentally to southern California. Mussels in Oregon and Alaska are similar to those from the Baltic Sea and parts of eastern Canada; the nameM. trossulus Gould, 1850 has priority for this taxon. In central and nothern California,M. galloprovincialis, M. trossulus and their hybrids co-occur. Despite the presence of hybrids betweenM. galloprovincialis andM. trossulus, the genetic integrity which they maintain across large areas of the world warrants their recognition as two distinct species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00644984
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