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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Enterolobium contortisiliquum ; enterolobin ; cytolytic protein ; insect toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enterolobin, a novel 55 KDa cytolytic and inflammatory protein fromEnterolobium contortisiliquum seeds, was tested for its toxic effects on larvae of the coleopteranCallosobruchus maculatus and the lepidopteranSpodoptera littoralis. Bioassays performed with enterolobin incorporated into artificial seeds showed that the phytocytolysin was toxic to larvae ofC. maculatus, causing 70% mortality at a concentration of 0.01% (w/w) and 100% mortality at 0.025%. The protein proved to be innocuous to larvae ofS. littoralis.In vitro proteolysis studies using larval gut enzymes, analysed on SDS-PAGE, showed that onlyS. littoralis proteases could digest enterolobin, suggesting that the insect's digestive proteases were able to inactivate the cytolysin before it could exert any toxic effect;C. maculatus proteases, on the other hand, were unable to hydrolyse enterolobin. The mechanism of toxicity of enterolobin did not appear to involve any damage to the microvilli of the epithelial gut cells ofC. maculatus as shown by electron microscopy. Some tentative hypotheses are considered in order to explain the toxic mechanism of action of enterolobin towardsC. maculatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Toxin ; insect pests ; RIPs ; insect nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La ricine et la saporine des graines de plantes représentent deux classes différentes de protéines inactivant les ribosomes (RIPs), ou cytotoxines. La toxicité de ces substances pour plusieurs eucaryotes est bien connue, de même que le processus intracellulaire de leur activité inhibitrice des ribosomes. Cependant, on ne connaît pratiquement rien de leurs effets sur les insectes. Dans cet article, nour relatons des travaux systématiques qui montrent que les RIPs peuvent être extrêmement toxiques pour les insectes, bien que leurs effects varient suivant les ordres d'insectes. Particulièrement, deux espèces de coléoptères sont extrêmement sensibles aux effets des deux RIPs avec des DL50 inférieures à `0-2% du poids sec. Ces travaux indiquent aussi que la résistance des lépidoptères à ces effets toxiques peut être due en partie à la présence dans leur intestin de protéases susceptibles d'hydrolyser les RIPs, et de les éliminer ainsi avant leur absorption et avant qu'elles ne puissent exercer leurs effets dans les cellules des insectes.
    Notes: Abstract Ricin and saporin represent two different classes of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), or cytotoxins, present in plant seeds. The toxicity of these substances to several eukaryotic organisms is widely known, as is their intracellular mode of inhibitory action on the ribosomes. However virtually nothing is known of the effects of these substances on insects. In this paper we report on systematic studies which indicate that RIPs can be extremely toxic to insects although the effects are variable with different insect orders. Specifically, two Coleopteran species were extremely susceptible to the effects of both RIP's with average LD50 values of less than 10-2% (dry weight). The studies also indicate that resistance to the toxic effects, exhibited by Lepidopteran insects, may be due in part to the protease complements of the insect guts which are capable of hydrolysing the RIPs, thus eliminating them before they are absorbed and can exert their effects within the insects cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nilaparvata lugens ; Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ; wheat germ agglutinin ; soybean lipoxygenase ; honeydew ; artificial diet ; antifeedant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding activity of adult rice brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) on selected proteins incorporated into artificial diets was examined, based on quantitative analysis of honeydew excretion, in order to determine the mechanism of action of antimetabolic proteins towards homopteran pests. The lectinsGalanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and the enzyme soybean lipoxygenase (LPO), previously demonstrated to be toxic to this insect, reduced honeydew excretion levels of adultNilaparvata lugens over a 24 h period when incorporated into artificial diet at 0.1% {w:v}, indicating that these proteins acted as antifeedants. Of the proteins tested GNA was the most effective antifeedant, reducing honeydew droplet production by 96%, although after 24 h there was some recovery in the honeydew excretion levels and thus the insects appeared to tolerate the presence of the antifeedant with time. The lectinPisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), previously demonstrated to be non-toxic, showed no antifeedant properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nilaparvata lugens ; mannose-binding lectins ; Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ; Narcissus pseudonarcissus agglutinin ; Allum sativum agglutinin ; Oryza sativa agglutinin ; Urtica dioica agglutinin ; N-acetylglucosamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect feeding trials were carried out to determine the effects of a range of mannose-specific lectins on third instar nymphs of the rice brown planthopper (BPH),Nilaparvata lugens. Stål. Dose response curves show thatGalanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) has the strongest toxic effect of the lectins tested, and is effective at concentrations considerably lower than those previously reported.Narcissus pseudonarcissus agglutinin (NPA) andAllium sativum agglutinin (ASA) exhibit a significant antimetabolic effect towards the insect but were less effective (on a molar basis) than GNA.LC50 values for GNA, NPA and ASA are approximately 4 μM, 11 μM and 〉40μM respectively. These mannose-specific lectins are serologically identical, but differ in the number of subunits per protein molecule; ASA is a dimer, NPA is a trimer and GNA is a tetramer. The results obtained support the hypothesis, that the effectiveness of the mannose-binding lectins as antimetabolites is determined by the number of subunits per molecule. Two N-acetylglucosamine binding lectins, the dimericOryza sativa agglutinin (OSA) and the monomericUrtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), were also tested but at a concentration of 0.1% w/v exhibited no significant antimetabolic effect towards BPH, although the related lectin wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) has previously been demonstrated to be toxic towards the insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nilaparvata lugens ; Nephotettix cinciteps ; Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ; wheat germ agglutinin ; lipoxygenase ; insect bioassay ; artificial diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect feeding trials were carried out to determine the effects of incorporating a range of plant derived proteins into artificial diets fed to leafhopper and planthopper pests of rice. The lectinsGalanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and the enzyme soy bean lipoxygenase (LPO) were shown to exhibit significant antimetabolic effects towards first and third instar nymphs of rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) when incorporated into artificial diet at 0.1% (w/v), 0.1% (w/v) and 0.08% (w/v) levels respectively. The lectin GNA was also shown to exhibit a significant antimetabolic effect towards third instar nymphs of the rice green leafhopper (Nephotettix cinciteps Uhler). A number of inert proteins, lectins, protein inhibitors and enzymes also tested showed relatively little or no effect towards both insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1013-1015 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carbohydrase activity has been demonstrated in homogenates of the alimentary tract ofC. maculatus: β-D galactosidase 〉 α-D glucosidase 〉 α-D galactosidase 〉 β-D glucosidase activity. The effects of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on β-D galactosidase, α-D glucosidase and α-D galactosidase activities are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1202-1205 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; digestive enzymes ; glycosidases ; esterases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carbohydrase activity has been demonstrated in homogenates of the alimentary tracts of late instar larvae ofC. maculatus:β-D galactosidase, α-D glucosidase and N-acetylβ-D glucosaminidase activities were comparable and significantly greater than α-D galactosidase,β-D glucosidase and α-D mannosidase. The effects of pH and substrate concentration are reported. The presence and changes in pattern of non-specific esterase activity in larval and adult gut homogenates is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic crops ; insect resistance ; aphid ; homoptera ; lectin ; crop protection ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The range of sap-sucking insect pests to which GNA, (the mannose specific lectin from snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) has been shown to be insecticidal in artificial diets has been extended to include the peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae). A gene construct for constitutive expression of GNA from the CaMV35S gene promoter has been introduced into tobacco plants. A transgenic tobacco line which expresses high levels of GNA has been shown to have enhanced resistance toM. persicae in leaf disc and whole plant bioassays,demonstrating the potential for extending transgenic plant technology to the control of sap-sucking insect pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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