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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis, Carbon Partitioning, and Yield (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 32 (1981), S. 485-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.32.060181.002413
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration inhibit mitochondrial respiration in green plants? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 
ATP, adenosine triphosphate
Km, Michaelis-Menton coefficient
Ca, concentration of CO2 in the air (μmol mol–1)
NAD, oxidized nicotin adenine dinucleotide
NADH, reduced nicotin adenine dinucleotide
NADP, oxidized nicotin adenine phosphate dinucleotide
NADPH, reduced nicotine adenine phosphate dinucleotide
R, rate of respiration per unit DW [μmol g 
DW–1], Rubisco, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Vc,max, maximum in vivo rate of carboxylation at Rubisco (μmol m–2 s–1)

There is abundant evidence that a reduction in mitochondrial respiration of plants occurs when atmospheric CO2 (Ca) is increased. Recent reviews suggest that doubling the present Ca will reduce the respiration rate [per unit dry weight (DW)] by 15 to 18%. The effect has two components: an immediate, reversible effect observed in leaves, stems, and roots of plants as well as soil microbes, and an irreversible effect which occurs as a consequence of growth in elevated Ca and appears to be specific to C3 species. The direct effect has been correlated with inhibition of certain respiratory enzymes, namely cytochrome-c-oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, and the indirect or acclimation effect may be related to changes in tissue composition. Although no satisfactory mechanisms to explain these effects have been demonstrated, plausible mechanisms have been proposed and await experimental testing. These are carbamylation of proteins and direct inhibition of enzymes of respiration. A reduction of foliar respiration of 15% by doubling present ambient Ca would represent 3 Gt of carbon per annum in the global carbon budget.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00438.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition and allocation of carbon and nitrogen by Danthonia richardsonii in response to restricted nitrogen supply and CO2 enrichment (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dry weight (DW) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and allocation were measured in isolated plants of Danthonia richardsonii (Wallaby Grass) for 37 d following seed imbibition. Plants were grown at ≈ 365 or 735 μL L–1 CO2 with N supply of 0·05, 0·2 or 0·5 mg N plant–1 d–1. Elevated CO2 increased DW accumulation by 28% (low-N) to 103% (high-N), following an initial stimulation of relative growth rate. Net assimilation rate and leaf nitrogen productivity were increased by elevated CO2, while N concentration was reduced. N uptake per unit root surface area was unaffected by CO2 enrichment. The ratio of leaf area to root surface area was decreased by CO2 enrichment. Allometric analysis revealed a decrease in the shoot-N to root-N ratio at elevated CO2, while the shoot-DW to root-DW ratio was unchanged. Allometric analysis showed leaf area was reduced, while root surface area was unchanged by elevated CO2, indicating a down-regulation of total plant capacity for carbon gain rather than a stimulation of mineral nutrient acquisition capacity. Overall, growth in elevated CO2 resulted in changes in plant morphology and nitrogen use, other than those associated simply with changing plant size and non-structural carbohydrate content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00343.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and conversion of sugars by developing wheat grains. 3. Non-diffusional uptake of sucrose, the substrate preferred by endosperm slices (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 6 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Starch synthesis by developing wheat endosperm slices incubated in liquid media was more rapid, at optimum concentration, from sucrose as external substrate than from glucose and/or fructose. Fructose inhibited conversion of sucrose or glucose. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that sucrose is not hydrolysed in the apoplast before uptake.Besides a diffusional influx and efflux of labelled sucrose there was a non-diffusional influx; it was inhibited by dinitrophenol, potassium arsenate, potassium iodide, and parachloromercuribenzene sulphonate (PCMBS). PCMBS inhibited both uptake and conversion of label from 150 molm−314C-sucrose by 75%. Uptake and conversion of sucrose were stimulated by lowering pH and by fusicoccin, a promoter of proton extrusion.Extracellular solutes like raffinosc and polyethylene glycol stimulated net uptake of label from 14C-sucrose — the larger molecule being more effective — this being due to a non-specific inhibition of diffusional efflux. At too high an osmotic concentration such solutes reduced net uptake; the larger the molecule the lower this transitional concentration.In conclusion, wheat endosperm is better equipped to convert apoplastic sucrose rather than the hydrolysis products to starch; active loading of sucrose possibly involves proton co-transport; and large molecules in the extracellular solution reduce the diffusional elllux of loaded substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1983.tb01275.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature gradient chambers for research on global environment change. I. Portable chambers for research on short-stature vegetation (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Field temperature gradient chambers designed for experiments on short-stature plants such as wheat are deseribed. The chambers are portable, easily erected and dismantled, and are self-contained for control and measuring equipment. The design is modular, the modules being bolted together longitudinally although separated by slotted transparent septa which divide the chamber into zones of different temperature. Fresh air, which is blown in horizontally into one end of the chamber by two fans and extracted by a fan mounted vertically at the other end, passes sequentially through the modules. The air stream progressively heats when the sun is shining. Fans are automatically speed-controlled in 100 steps between 20 and 100% of full output to keep the end-to-end temperature difference to within 5°C. During darkness, when the fans are running at minimum speed, heaters mounted in the outlet module are turned on. The chambers in the configuration described enclose 6 × 8m rows of crop, are l-25m high and have side walls which are entirely composed of rigid, vertically sliding doors for crop access.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00616.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of elevated CO2 on the chemical composition and construction costs of leaves of 27 C3 species (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We determined the proximate chemical composition as well as the construction costs of leaves of 27 species, grown at ambient and at a twice-ambient partial pressure of atmospheric CO2. These species comprised wild and agricultural herbaceous plants as well as tree seedlings. Both average responses across species and the range in response were considered. Expressed on a total dry weight basis, the main change in chemical composition due to CO2 was the accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). To a lesser extent, decreases were found for organic N compounds and minerals. Hardly any change was observed for total structural carbohydrates (cellulose plus hemicellulose), lignin and lipids. When expressed on a TNC-free basis, decreases in organic N compounds and minerals were still present. On this basis, there was also an increase in the concentration of soluble phenolics.In terms of glucose required for biosynthesis, the increase in costs for one chemical compound – TNC – was balanced by a decrease in the costs for organic N compounds. Therefore, the construction costs, the total amount of glucose required to produce 1 g of leaf, were rather similar for the two CO2 treatments; on average a small decrease of 3% was found. This decrease was attributable to a decrease of up to 30% in the growth respiration coefficient, the total CO2 respired [mainly for N AD(P)H and ATP] in the process of constructing 1 g of biomass. The main reasons for this reduction were the decrease in organic N compounds and the increase in TNC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-84.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and conversion of sugars by developing wheat grains. 4. Effects of phosphate and potassium ions in endosperm slices (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 6 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Transverse slices through developing grains of Triticum aestivum cv. SUN 9E 16 d after anthesis were incubated in simple defined media with various radioactive labels. In some enzymic assays slices were pretreated with 2.5% Triton X-100 or with 5% butanol to remove cellular membranes and endogenous substrates.Endogenous potassium leaked from endosperm slices into 30mol m−3 sucrose while sucrose was converted partly into starch. Exogenous alkali-ions, except Li+, stimulated conversion of sucrose to insoluble matter, specifically to starch with K+. Starch synthetase activity of Triton-pretreated slices was stimulated by K+ at both high and low substrate ADPG concentration, but was not affected by phosphate (25 mol m−3).Phosphate in the medium had no effect on incorporation of sucrose or glucose into alcohol-insoluble material or starch in fresh slices (internal inorganic phosphate (P,) concentration was about 11 mol m−3). Three- to four-fold contrasts in internal Pi level, achieved by prolonged preincubations in different media, did not show an inhibition of starch synthesis by Pi. However, phosphate (25mol m−3) inhibited starch synthesis, that was mediated by ADPG pyrophosphorylase in butanol-pretreated endosperm slices by 15–18%.It is concluded that starch synthesis in wheat endosperm is not regulated directly by apoplastic Pi; level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11589214
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The effects of land use change on soil carbon stocks are of concern in the context of international policy agendas on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. This paper reviews the literature for the influence of land use changes on soil C stocks and reports the results of a meta analysis of these data from 74 publications. The meta analysis indicates that soil C stocks decline after land use changes from pasture to plantation (−10%), native forest to plantation (−13%), native forest to crop (−42%), and pasture to crop (−59%). Soil C stocks increase after land use changes from native forest to pasture (+ 8%), crop to pasture (+ 19%), crop to plantation (+ 18%), and crop to secondary forest (+ 53%). Wherever one of the land use changes decreased soil C, the reverse process usually increased soil carbon and vice versa. As the quantity of available data is not large and the methodologies used are diverse, the conclusions drawn must be regarded as working hypotheses from which to design future targeted investigations that broaden the database. Within some land use changes there were, however, sufficient examples to explore the role of other factors contributing to the above conclusions. One outcome of the meta analysis, especially worthy of further investigation in the context of carbon sink strategies for greenhouse gas mitigation, is that broadleaf tree plantations placed onto prior native forest or pastures did not affect soil C stocks whereas pine plantations reduced soil C stocks by 12–15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion and Quasi-diffusion Resistances in Relation to the Carboxylation Kinetics of Maize Leaves (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 23 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A “quasi-diffusion resistance”, rq, is defined to accommodate the role which the thermochemical and photochemical phenomena of photosynthesis play in the control of CO2 fixation to the terminology and approach of the diffusion resistance analogue for the CO2 exchange of leaves. The relationship of rq to Rabinowitch's classical rectangular hyperbolic model of photosynthesis rate as a function of CO2 concen-tration at the carboxylating surface is discussed. Examination of Kmapp for phos-phopyruvate carboxylase (the predominant carboxylase in maize) suggests, as a reasonable hypothesis for light-saturated maize leaves, that rq may be essentially independent of ambient CO2-concentration up to at least 300 μ1/l. A corollary of the hypothesis is that an increase of diffusion resistance, rather than of rq, may account for the observed curvature of the response curves of light-saturated maize leaf photosynthesis to ambient CO2-concentration. An experiment carried out on fieldgrown maize plants, using a well controlled leaf chamber as a nitrous oxide diffusion porometer, gave evidence which strongly supported the hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1970.tb08879.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological influences on carbon isotope discrimination in huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the light environment and stomatal and photosynthetic behaviour are reported for Huon Pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii, family Podocarpaceae) in western Tasmanian rainforest. For a variety of microenvironments, these are used in an analysis of stable carbon isotope measurements in the air, and in branch and leaf material, using a model for carbon isotope fractionation in leaves (Farquhar et al. 1982). The major features of δ13C variations with respect to branch position can be explained in terms of the direct influence of light level acting via the rate of CO2 assimilation. In addition a relatively constant δ13C gradient of about 2.6‰ between leaf tip and branch wood is observed. Alternative explanations are advanced for the tip-towood gradient in δ13C. If the δ13C of leaf tips is taken to represent the value for photosynthate, maintenance respiration is proposed as a mechanism for the further fractionation; a significant 13C depletion in respired CO2 is implied which is not supported by indirect measurements of atmospheric isotope ratio. Furthermore, an assumption of significant sampling errors (e.g. related to humidity effects on assimilation) is required to obtain good quantitative prediction of the light influence. If the branch wood δ13C is taken to represent that of the photosynthate, the tip-to-wood gradient may find an explanation, via the model, in terms of tip tissue comprising carbon from immature cells. Translocation of photosynthate from exposed to shaded branches is then proposed as a means of obtaining quantitative agreement with the predicted light influence. The support provided for the applicability of the Farqunar et al. (1982) model in the field is discussed in the context of the problem of obtaining past global atmospheric CO2 levels from δ13C in tree-rings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379857
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