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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 193 (1987), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 297 (1994), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Keywords: Copper oxide ; Depth profiling ; Factor analysis ; X-Ray photoelectron spectrometry
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Talanta 25 (1978), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 0039-9140
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Talanta 25 (1978), S. 505-510 
    ISSN: 0039-9140
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Electronics 16 (1973), S. 887-893 
    ISSN: 0038-1101
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 70 (1978), S. 547-558 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the determination of nitrogen in metals the results of various analytical laboratories frequently differ if diverse analytical methods are used. The reasons lie in calibration problems, and in systematic errors which can hardly be traced in the instrumental methods (e. g. fusion extraction, activation analysis) for lack of reliable standard reference materials. For the determination of nitrogen in refractory metals and especially for trace analysis a modified Kjeldahl method has proved to be superior to fusion extraction with respect to power of detection and accuracy. Problems in connection with dissolution of the sample, and size and influence of blanks are discussed. The results of comparative determinations are presented by means of standard steels and some non-ferrous metals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Bestimmung des Stickstoffgehaltes von Metallen treten zwischen den Ergebnissen verschiedener Laboratorien häufig dann Differenzen auf, wenn unterschiedliche analytische Verfahren angewandt werden. Die Ursache dafür ist auf Eichprobleme und systematische Fehler zurückzuführen, die wegen des Fehlens geeigneter Standards bei den meist angewandten instrumentellen Relativverfahren (Heißextraktion, Aktivierungsanalyse u. a.) nur schwer erkannt werden können. Mit dem Kjeldahlverfahren steht jedoch ein chemisches Absolutverfahren zur Verfügung, das in einer modifizierten Form zur Stickstoffbestimmung in Refraktär- und Sondermetallen (z. B. Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, W, Mo) im allgemeinen und zur Erfassung niedriger Stickstoffgehalte im besonderen den üblichen Heißextraktionsverfahren an Nachweisvermögen und Genauigkeit überlegen ist. Probleme, die im Zusammenhang mit den Aufschlußbedingungen, der Höhe und der Beeinflussung von Blindwerten auftreten, werden diskutiert und Ergebnisse vergleichender Untersuchungen an Stahlstandards und einigen Nichteisenmetallen vorgelegt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenstoff, Schwefel in Metallen, Edelmetallen, Vanadium, Niob, Tantal, Wolfram, Molybdän, Kupfer, Aluminium, Eisen, Chrom ; Chromatographie, Gas / Konduktometrie ; ppb-Bereich
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur simultanen Bestimmung von Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelgehalten in Reinstmetallen im ppb-Bereich (bzw. in mg-Proben im unteren ppm-Bereich) wird die Probe (1–1000 mg) in reinstem Sauerstoff zuschlagsfrei durch induktives Aufheizen (6 MHz, 3 kW) verbrannt. Die Reaktionsprodukte CO2 und SO2 werden nach ihrer gas-chromatographischen Trennung relativ-konduktometrisch bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenzen für die Bestimmung von Kohlenstoff und Schwefel in Vanadium, Niob, Tantal, Wolfram, Molybdän, den Edelmetallen, Kupfer, Aluminium, Eisen und Chrom liegen bei 5 ng. Für 100 ng wurden relative Standardabweichungen von ±5% für Kohlenstoff und ±6% für Schwefel ermittelt. Auf die Probleme, die bei der Erniedrigung der Blindwerte (Probenvorbereitung, Gasreinigung, Aufschluß), bei der Absorption des CO2 und SO2 in Natronlauge und bei der Messung der sehr kleinen Leitfähigkeitsänderungen in der Meßzelle auftraten, wird ausführlich eingegangen. Schließlich werden verschiedene Methoden der Standardisierung gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The simultaneous determination of carbon and sulphur in the ppb-range (or in rag-samples in the low ppm-range) in high purity metals is described. The combustion of the sample (1–1000 mg) is performed in purest oxygen without additives by means of induction heating (6 MHz, 3 kW). The combustion products CO2 and SO2, after separation in a gaschromatographic column, are detected using a relative conductometric method. The limits of detection for the determination of carbon and sulphur in vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, noble metals, copper, aluminium, iron, chromium are 5 ng. With amounts of 100 ng the relative standard deviations of ±5% for carbon and ±6% for sulphur were found. Problems in lowering the blank values (e.g. sample preparation, gas purification, combustion), in absorption of CO2 and SO2, and in conductivity measurement are discussed in detail and some calibration methods are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For the purpose of obtaining suitable reference materials for technical coatings on aluminium, the feasibility of calibration of oxide layers by means of heat extraction was studied. Oxide layers were prepared on aluminium sheets by immersion in water of 50 or 80 ° C and annealing at 500 or 600 °C in argon atmosphere. The layer thickness was calculated from the oxygen content of the sample as measured by carrier-gas heat extraction analysis. The total sputtering yield of aluminium oxide layers was obtained via the correlation of AES depth profiling with heat extraction analysis results. This was demonstrated for high purity (99.9%) and technical purity (98.5%) aluminium with its original roughness from the rolling process, on which 20 to 1,000 nm thick oxide layers had been grown. The sputtering yields for the oxide layers prepared were found to be 3.9±0.8 atoms/ion, i.e., about four times higher than that for α-Al2O3. Calibration of depth profiling on such technical quality oxide layers on aluminium was found to be feasible with a relative precision of 10 to 20%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 300 (1980), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sauerstoff, Stickstoff, Kohlenstoff in Metallen ; Überblick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtiger Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der heute für die Bestimmung von Sauerstoff, Stickstoff und Kohlenstoff zur Verfügung stehenden Methoden werden in einer kritischen Übersicht aufgezeigt. Neben der Probenvorbereitung werden ≫chemische Verfahren≪ (Isolationsverfahren, Wasserstoffreduktionsverfahren, Kjeldahl-Verfahren, Verbrennungsverfahren, Heißextraktionsverfahren) und ≫physikalische Verfahren≪ (Festkörpermassenspektroskopie, Emissionsspektroskopie, IR-Absorptionsmethode, Dämpfungsmessung, Aktivierungsanalyse) im Hinblick auf Verbesserung des Nachweisvermögens und Erhöhung der Genauigkeit behandelt. Auf die bei verschiedenen Methoden vorhandenen Möglichkeiten zur Differenzierung zwischen Gehalten an Probenoberflächen und den im Bulk gelöst oder in Form von Verbindungen vorliegenden Elementgehalten wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The present state of the methods and trends of development in the determination of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in metals are pointed out in a critical review. Besides the sample preparation, the “chemical” determination methods (chemical isolation of compounds, hydrogen reduction method, Kjeldahl method, combustion method, vacuum and inert-gas fusion) and the “physical” methods (spark-source mass spectrometry, emission spectroscopy, i.r.-absorption method, internal friction measurement, activation analysis) are dealt with. Some of the involved methods enable discrimination between the amounts of the elements on the sample surface, and those dissolved in the bulk as interstitials or present as compounds respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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