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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 8 (1963), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 237 (1972), S. 37-38 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Typical respiratory patterns as recorded by optical manometer: Rat Y: a, breathing in air; b, breathing in gas phase. Rat Z: c, breathing in air; d, breathing in gas-vapour phase. The smoking machine used, developed at the Tobacco Research Council Laboratories in Harrogate, England, has ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational complexity 7 (1998), S. 54-97 
    ISSN: 1420-8954
    Keywords: Key words. Computational complexity, monadic second-order logic, unary functions, finite model theory, descriptive complexity, nondeterminism, NP-complete problem, linear time, random access machine.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract. We answer a question asked by J. F. Lynch by proving that existential monadic second-order logic with addition captures not only the class NTIME(n) but also the class NLIN (i.e., linear time on nondeterministic RAMs), so enlarging considerably the set of natural problems expressible in this logic, since most combinatorial NP-complete problems belong to NLIN. Moreover, our result still holds if the first-order part of the formulas is required to be $ \forall^{\ast} \exists ^{\ast} $ , so improving the recent similar result by J. F. Lynch about NTIME(n).¶In addition, we explicitly state that a graph problem is recognizable in nondeterministic linear time O(n + e) (where n and e are the numbers of vertices and edges, respectively) if and only if it can be defined in existential second-order logic with unary functions and only one variable on the vertices-edges domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The H1 histamine receptor antagonist activity and sedative effects of dimethindene maleate racemate (DIM +/−) (FENISTIL®) and the individual enantiomers (DIM+ and DIM−) were monitored in parallel in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 9 healthy subjects. Peripheral antihistamine activity (histamine-induced wheal and flare planimetry) and central effects (electroencephalography (EEG) and self-evaluation on a visual analogue scale (SEVS)) were measured after oral administration of a single dose of DIM+/− (4 mg), DIM+ (2 mg), DIM− (2 mg) and placebo. DIM+/−, DIM+ and DIM− induced decreased SEVS scores. EEG pattern modifications indicative of a sedative effect appeared comparable for DIM+/− and DIM−, especially 2 h after drug intake, whereas DIM+ exhibited spectral differences more marked at 5.5 h. Moreover, DIM+/− and DIM− significantly inhibited the cutaneous reaction to histamine, whereas DIM+ activity was not different from that of placebo, demonstrating that the peripheral antihistamine activity of DIM+/− resided mainly in the DIM− enantiomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 43 (1979), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Passive smoking ; Particulate phase ; Gas phase ; Irritations ; Eye blink rate ; Annoyance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a ventilated climatic chamber 32 subjects (in groups of two or three) were exposed in one experiment to the total sidestream smoke of cigarettes and in another experiment to the gas phase of cigarette smoke, which was obtained by filtering out the particulate matter. The degree of air pollution corresponded to 10 ppm CO in both experiments. The concentrations of the particulate matter, CO, NO, NO2 and HCHO were recorded. With a questionnaire, we determined the degree of annoyance and of subjective irritations of the eyes, nose and throat; eye blink rate was measured, as an objective indicator of eye irritation. Both exposures of air pollution produced nearly the same degree of annoyance, which indicates that the gas phase is to a large extent responsible for the annoyance due to cigarette smoke. On the other hand the objective and subjective eye irritation was very much lower with the gas phase than with the total smoke. This indicates that the particulate phase is to a very large extent responsible for the irritating effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 21 (1964), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 18 (1960), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neun Lösungsmittel wurden an 9 Ratten bezüglich ihrer narkotischen Wirksamkeit und an 500 Mäusen bezüglich ihrer akuten Toxicität geprüft. Als Maßstäbe dienten: die Zeiträume bis zum Eintreten der ersten Lähmungen, die Zeiträume bis zum vollständigen Erlöschen der Reflexe, die Erholungszeiten, die akute Toxicität (LD50). Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich folgende Schlüsse ziehen: 1. Chloroform, Trichloräthylen, Tetrachloräthylen und Benzol haben die stärkste Affinität zum Zentralnervensystem. 2. Toluol, eine Mischung Toluol-Xylol (2+1) und Methylenchlorid sind rund 2mal weniger wirksam. 3. Xylol und der Propionsäureäthylester haben die niedrigste Affinität zum Zentralnervensystem. 4. Je geringer die Affinität der geprüften Lösungsmittel zum Zentralnervensystem, um so länger sind ihre Erholungszeiten. 5. Zwischen den Maßstäben der narkotischen Wirksamkeit und der akuten Toxicität besteht keine Korrelation. 6. Die Lösungsmittel mit hoher Affinität zum Zentralnervensystem müssen bezüglich der Gefahr von Unfällen und akuten Vergiftungen als ungünstiger betrachtet werden. 7. Für die Beurteilung der Gefahr von chronischen Wirkungen geben die vorliegenden Resultate keine Anhaltspunkte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 55 (1985), S. 191-191 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 40 (1977), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Acrolein ; Irritations ; Annoyance ; Eye blinking rate ; Respiratory frequency ; Passive smoking ; Akrolein ; Irritationen ; Belästigung ; Lidschlußfrequenz ; Atemfrequenz ; Passivrauchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die akuten Reizwirkungen des Akroleins auf den Menschen zu erfassen, warden gesunde Versuchspersonen in einer Klimakammer verschiedenen Akroleinkonzentrationen im Bereich von 0 bis 0.60 ppm ausgesetzt. Es warden drei Versuchsserien durchgeführt: (a) 40 minütige Exposition von 53 VP zu einer kontinurierlich ansteigenden Akroleinkonzentration, (b) vier 1 1/2 minütige Expositionen von 42 VP zu verschieden hohen Akroleinkonzentrationen, und (c) 60 minütige Exposition von 46 VP zu einer konstanten Konzentration von 0.3 ppm Akrolein. Während der Exposition bestimmten wir periodisch die subjektiv wahrgenommenen Reizungen und die Belästigung sowie die Lidschlußfrequenz und die Atemfrequenz. Die subjektiven Reizungen, die Belästigung and die Lidschlußfrequenz nahmen in Abhängigkeit der Akroleinkonzentration sowie bis zu einem gewissen Grad in Abhängigkeit der Expositionsdauer zu. Die Atemfrequenz sank mit steigender Akroleinkonzentration. Die Veränderungen waren im Bereiche zwischen 0.09 und 0.30 ppm Akrolein signifikant. Die akuten Reizwirkungen bei der Exposition zu 0.3 ppm Akrolein erwiesen sich bereits nach 10 und 20 min als erheblich; aus dieser Sicht sollte der heute empfohlene US-Grenzwert von 0.3 ppm für 15 minütige Expositionen neu überprüft werden. Die Wirkungen von reinem Akrolein sind im Vergleich zu denjenigen, die durch den Nebenstromrauch von Zigaretten bei gleicher Akroleinkonzentration ausgelöst sind, nur gering: das Akrolein muß somit nur wenig an den Reizwirkungen durch den Nebenstromrauch beteiligt sein.
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the acute irritation effects of acrolein on men, healthy subjects were exposed in a climatic chamber to different acrolein concentrations in the range between 0 and 0.60 ppm. Three experimental series were carried through: (a) 40 min exposure of 54 subjects to a continuously increasing acrolein concentration, (b) four 1 1/2 min exposures of 42 subjects to different acrolein concentrations and (c) 60 min exposure of 46 subjects to a constant concentration of 0.3 ppm. acrolein. Subjective irritations and annoyance as well as eye blinking rate and respiratory frequency were determined periodically during the exposures. Subjective irritations, annoyance and eye blinking rate increased as a function of acrolein concentration, as well as of exposure duration up to a certain degree. Respiratory frequency decreased with increasing acrolein concentration. The changes were significant in the range between 0.09 and 0.30 ppm acrolein. Acute irritations during exposure to 0.3 ppm acrolein proved to be considerable after 10 and 20 min already; from this angle, the actual US threshold limit value of 0.3 ppm for exposures of 15 min should be reexamined. The effects of pure acrolein are small compared to those produced by the side stream of cigarette smoke with the same acrolein concentration: therefore, acrolein is only to a minor extent responsible for the irritations caused by the side stream smoke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 231 (1957), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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