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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sputum measurements to assess airway inflammation in asthma (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb04705.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical survey (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 7 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An easy and safe dose-response histamine-inhalation test is described, to measure the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity.The test was performed in 307 subjects. Non-specific bronchial reactivity was increased in 3% of presumed normal subjects, in 100% of active asthmatics and in 69% of asymptomatic asthmatics with previous symptoms only at times of exposure to clinically relevant allergens. It was also increased in 47% of patients with cough and no other chest symptoms, in 40% of patients with rhinitis and vague chest symptoms not by themselves diagnostic of asthma, and in 22% of patients with rhinitis and no chest symptoms.The patients with asthma were studied when their asthma was well controlled and when their minimum drug requirements had been established. The mean level of bronchial reactivity increased with increasing minimum drug requirements. The level of bronchial reactivity also showed a strong negative correlation with the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1). Atopic subjects, with or without asthma, showed a significant positive correlation between the level of bronchial reactivity and atopic status as indicated by the number of positive allergy skin tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01448.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 7 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity is a feature of most patients with asthma. We have measured non-allergic bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and methacholine in thirteen asthmatic subjects before and after allergen inhalation in the laboratory. The allergen inhalation produced mild early asthmatic responses (19–40% FEV1 fall) in all thirteen, additional definite late asthmatic responses (17–29% FEV1 fall) in four, and equivocal late asthmatic responses (5–11% FEV1 fall) in five. Following allergen inhalation, non-allergic bronchial reactivity increased in seven for up to 7 days. The seven included all four with definite late asthmatic responses and three of the five with equivocal late asthmatic responses. We conclude that allergens make asthma worse, partly through non-allergic mechanisms, and that avoidance of allergens is important in reducing non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01481.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inflammatory response in asthma exacerbation: changes in circulating eosinophils, basophils and their progenitors (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 20 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Circulating eosinophils, basophils and eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) progenitors were examined in 12 patients at the time of an exacerbation of asthma accompanied by sputum eosinophilia and after resolution of the exacerbation with inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Differential counts were performed and peripheral blood non-adherent mononuclear cells were cultured for 14 days in methyl-cellulose to determine the number of Eo/B and granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colonies without knowledge of the clinical conditions or findings. With resolution of the asthma exacerbation on beclomethasone therapy, there were significant falls in circulating eosinophils, basophils and Eo/B colonies whereas GM colonies were unchanged. To elucidate whether the observed changes could be due to systemic absorption or local action of inhaled corticosteroid, seven subjects with allergic rhinitis and no current evidence of lower airway inflammation (no symptoms of asthma and normal methacholine airway responsiveness) received 14 days' treatment with the same dose of inhaled beclomethasone or of placebo in a double-blind randomized cross-over study. No significant changes in airway function or in circulating cell counts were observed. The results suggest reduced production of eosinophils and basophils after the resolution of an exacerbation of asthma. This effect may be due to reduced levels of airway-derived eosinophil-basophil growth and differentiation factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02705.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oxatomide compared with chlorpheniramine in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 11 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Oxatomide is an H1, receptor antagonist, which also inhibits antigen-induced mediator release from sensitized mast cells and basophils. The effects of ingested oxatomide (30 mg/capsule) were compared with those of chlorpheniramine (5 mg/capsule) in a double-blind non-crossover study in two groups of twenty-five subjects with ragweed pollen-induced hay fever during the pollen season. Oxatomide or chlorpheniramine was started when symptoms became troublesome and was used in a dose of two to four capsules daily according to severity. Other medications were added, in a standardized way, if hay fever symptoms were not controlled by the test capsules. Forty-one subjects completed the study; nineteen received oxatomide and twenty-two chlorpheniramine. Mean symptom scores, number of test capsules and number of doses of additional medication were not significantly different between the two groups. Drowsiness was reported by subjects in both groups but was worse in the chlorpheniramine group (P〈0.05). We conclude that, in the studied doses, oxatomide is as effective for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis as chlorpheniramine and produces less drowsiness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01567.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of radioactive isotopes for analysis of cutaneous allergic responses (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 10 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Local exudation at the sites of allergic and histamine-induced cutaneous reactions, was measured with an in vivo double-labelling procedure, based upon local serial simultaneous measurements of indium-113 m (113mIn) labelled transferrin and technitium-99m labelled red blood cells (99mTc RBC). Analyses depended upon the reaction index i.e. comparison of the ratio of 113mIn/99mTc counts at the reaction site with the ratio of 113mIn/99mTc at the corresponding unreacted site in the skin of the opposite arm.Reaction indices were initially significantly elevated at the sites of histamine and allergic reactions. After the first hour, there was a progressive reduction at histamine sites indicating a tapering of the local accumulation of indium-labelled transferrin. By contrast allergic reaction sites showed a continuing increase in the reaction index after one hour. During the first hour the curves were comparable, but they diverge and were significantly different after one hour (0.05 〉 P 〉 0.02). This is consistent with the known occurrence of late cutaneous responses at the site of allergic but not histamine reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02076.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asthmatic responses to inhalation of anti-human IgE (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 16 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb00765.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Sch1000 in allergen-induced asthma (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 8 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Carefully controlled allergen inhalation tests were carried out in twelve subjects to provoke early asthmatic responses with a mean maximum FEV1 fall of 30·7 ± 5·2% (mean ± s.d.). Four subjects had additional late asthmatic responses with a maximum mean FEV1 fall of 21·0 ± 5·9%. The tests were repeated at intervals of 7 days in an identical way, following inhalation of Sch1000 (80 μg) and placebo, each given 45 min before the onset of the early asthmatic response. This dose of Sch1000 produced a marked and uniform inhibition of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same subjects. The allergen-induced responses were reproducible in eleven out of the twelve subjects; the coefficient of variation for the decrease in FEV1 in the early responses being ±7% and in the late response ±43%. Sch1000 produced a slight and variable inhibition of early asthmatic responses (P〈0·02) and no inhibition of late asthmatic responses. We examined the relationship between the degree of inhibition of the early asthmatic response by Sch1000 and: (a) the degree of inhibition produced by Sch1000 on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction; (b) the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity measured by inhaled histamine and methacholine; and (c) the degree of bronchodilatation produced by Sch1000. No relationship was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1978.tb00471.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evaluation of a cell dispersion method of sputum examination (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In recent studies, sputum smear cell counts were found to be reproducible and usefully applied to research in asthma and other airway conditions. However, cell definition on the smears is poor, and the procedure is tedious and has limited utility. The objective of this study is to improve the methods of sputum examination. The subjects used in this study were people with bronchitis or asthma from whom sputum could be obtained. By inverted microscopy, portions of fresh sputum were selected to exclude salivary contamination. These portions were exposed to different volumes of dithiothreitol for varied lime intervals. We used the resulting cell suspensions to perform total cell counts and prepare cytospins for differential cell counts and immunohistochemical stains for GM-CSF, EG2, TNFα and IL-8. Cytospins were compared with smears for differential cell counts on the same sputum specimens. Excellent cell dispersion and definition in cytospins could be observed. The time required for differential cell counting on cytospins was reduced and cytospin counts were more reproducible than smears. Greater duration of treatment of sputum with dithiothreitol tended to increase total cell counts and significantly decreased EG2 staining hut had no effect on differential cell counts or the cytokine cell components. Therefore the proposed method of sputum examination involving cell dispersion and use of cytospins overcomes a number of the disadvantages of the examination of smears.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00990.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A research method to induce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma by withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroid (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 22 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study evaluated a research method to examine an exacerbation of asthma induced by corticosteroid withdrawal. Ten non-smoking adult asthmatics who were stable on treatment with inhaled steroid underwent a graded reduction of the daily dose by 200 μg at weekly intervals until an exacerbation of symptoms occurred. A daily symptom, peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and medication diary was kept. Weekly clinic visits were used to assess symptoms, spirometry, methacholine airway responsiveness (expressed as the provocative concentration to cause a fall in FEV1 of 20%, PC20), circulating eosinophils, basophils and their progenitors (Eo/B-CFU), and sputum inflammatory cells. The laboratory tests were performed blind to the clinical details. Each subject developed an exacerbation of symptoms, on average at 16 (70–26) days after the onset of steroid reduction. This was accompanied by a deterioration in each of the objective measures. There was a fall in FEV1 by 320 ml (s.e.m. 9.5) and in PC20 from 0.8 to 0.43 mg/ml. Circulating eosinophils rose from 114 (24) × 103/ml to 227 (50) × 103/ml and Eo/B-CFU rose from 31 (5.6) to 44(11.3)/106 cells. Sputum developed in five subjects and contained 36 (5.2)% eosinophils and 1.98 (0.21)% metachromatic cells (mast cells or basophils). The symptom diary and weekly questionaire were demonstrated to be valid and responsive to change. A deterioration indicated by the daily symptom score preceded changes in PEF. Treatment by an increase in steroid was followed by reversal of each of the changes. We conclude that this research method can safely produce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma, and that an increase in airway inflammation is an early feature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00161.x
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