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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agonistic behavior among colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), from Florida and Hawaii: Lack of correlation with cuticular hydrocarbon composition (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: aggression ; nestmate recognition ; Coptotermes ; Isoptera ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; intercolonial differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were similar among colonies from the same geographical location. Hydrocarbon patterns of Florida colonies were easily distinguished from those of Hawaii colonies by using canonical discriminant analysis. Groups of termites from the same colony did not fight one another when placed in an arena. Intercolonial aggression was not recorded among C. formosanuspopulations from Florida but three colonies from Hawaii fought with the other Hawaiian and three Florida colonies. Of the 12 colonies (six each from Florida and Hawaii) tested, 3 Florida colonies did not direct or receive aggression from any other colony. Cuticular hydrocarbon patterns were not correlated with agonistic behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092555
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agonistic behavior correlated with hydrocarbon phenotypes in dampwood termites,Zootermopsis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 523-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; aggression ; kin recognition ; kin discrimination ; Zootermopsis ; Isoptera ; species interactions ; cuticular hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dampwood termite genus ZootermopsisEmerson contains three recognized species with four distinct and consistent hydrocarbon phenotypes. Agonistic behaviors among nonreproductive insects from colonies of the same and different hydrocarbon phenotypes were observed in the laboratory. Various combinations of soldier versus nymphs, pseudergate versus pseudergate, and soldier versus soldier encounters were used in experimental trials. Soldiers or pseudergates seldom attack individuals of the same hydrocarbon phenotype. Z. angusticollis(Hagen) (phenotype II) is typically aggressive toward phenotype III of Z. nevadensis(Hagen) but not always aggressive against phenotype I of Z. nevadensis.The variation in response is dependent on which castes are placed in the bioassay arena: soldier versus soldier bouts result in consistent aggression, while pseudergate versus pseudergate or soldier versus nymphs contacts do not. Both pseudergates and soldiers of Z. laticeps(Banks) (phenotype IV) respond agonistically toward the other three phenotypes: Z. angusticollis (II) and Z. nevadensis(I and III). Although hydrocarbon phenotypes I and III, both Z. nevadensis,are morphologically indistinguishable, agonistic behavioral responses between phenotype I and phenotype III are not equivalent to I versus I or III versus III behavioral responses. The I versus III engagements, regardless of the castes involved, display a greater proportion of avoidance and aggressive responses than I or III intraphenotype encounters. We interpret the lack of avoidance or aggressive behavior within each of the two phenotypes of Z. nevadensisand the significant avoidance and aggressive behavior between phenotypes as definite evidence of discrimination between disparate hydrocarbon phenotypes. These agonistic bioassays along with data on distinct hydrocarbon patterns and geographic distributions serve as the basis for creating two subspecies of Z. nevadensis: Z. n. nevadensis(Hagen) and Z. n. nuttingiHaverty and Thorne, ssp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drift and worker exposure resulting from two methods of applying insecticides to pine bark (1983)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 30 (1983), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610125
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulation of wood consumption by the subterranean TermiteHeterotermes aureus (Snyder), in an Arizona deset Grassland (1975)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 22 (1975), S. 93-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dargestellt wird ein einfaches mathematisches Modell, das Verzehrung des in einem semi-ariden Grasland in Arizona auf der Oberfläche liegenden abgestorbenen Holzes durch eine einzelne Temitenart im Zeitraum eines Jahres voraussagt. Von höchster Bedeutung sind die temperaturabhängigen Funktionen der Intensität der Futtersuche und der, Holzverzehrung der Termiten. Das Modell wurde so aufgestellt, daß es vom Tagestemperaturmittel und der täglichen Niederschlagsmenge abhängig ist. Das Modell sagt voraus, daß futtersuchendeHeterotermes aureus während des Simulations jahres die Oberfläche 4,61×1010 mal pro Hekta besuchen. Es wird errechnet daßH. aureus nur an 7 Tagen im Jahre nicht auf die Futtersuche geht. Ferner lässt sich errechnen, daß diese Termitenart 78,9 K/Ha/J abgestorbenes Holz verzeht, was 3,7% der stehenden Biomasse und 17,5 % der jährlichen Produktion toten Holzes darstellt. Die Bedeutung dieser Termite wird durch die von ihr verursachte Entfernung von bevorzugten Holzarten betont.
    Notes: Summary A simple model is preesented which simulates the consumption of superficial dead wood in a desert grassland by a single termite species over a period of one year. Temperature-dependent functions of termite foraging intensity and wood consumption are most critical. The model was designed to run on mean daily temperature and daily rainfall. The model predicts thatHeterotermes aureus forag ers were able to make 4.61×1010 visits to the suurf ace per hectare during the year of simulation. It estimates that there were only seven days during this period thatH. aureus did not forage. It calculates that this species remooved dead wood at the rate of 78.9 kg/ha/yr, which represents 3.7 perenct of the standing crop biomass and 17.5 percent of the annual production of superficial dead wood. The importance of this termite is emphasized by its removal of preferred species of wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223127
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of two techniques for determining abundance of subterranean termites in an Arizona desert Grassland (1976)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 23 (1976), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les densités de Termites hypogés qui prélèvent leur nourriture à la surface du sol ont été déterminées au moyen de quadrats et d'appâts; deux espèces seulement ont été attirées par les appâts, alors qu'on en a récolté cinq dans les quadrats. Les densités deHeterotermes aureus (Snyder) etGnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) sont estimées de façon satisfaisante au moyen des appâts. En revanche, l'abondance deG. perplexus est nettement sous-estimée par les quadrats, alors que cette technique fournit apparemment des estimations raisonnables pourH. aureus, Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks),Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), andA. minimus Light. Les matériaux utilisés ou examinés dans n'importe quelle technique doivent évidemment constituer des sources de nourriture appréciées par les Termites que l'on désire échantillonner.
    Notes: Summary Densities of surface foraging subterranean termites were determined by bait and quadrat techniques. Only two species were found in the bait units whereas five were found in the quadrats.Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) andGnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) numbers were reasonably estimated by baiting. However,G. perplexus was severely underestimated by quadrats whileH. aureus, Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks),Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), andA. minimus Light were apparently reasonably estimated. Material examined by any technique should consist of a suitable foraging substrate for the termite species being sampled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223850
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular hydrocarbons of dampwood termites,Zootermopsis: Intra- and intercolony variation and potential as taxonomic characters (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1035-1058 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; Termopsidae ; termites ; methyl-branched hydrocarbons ; lipids ; agonisitic behavior ; cuticular hydro-carbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Colonies ofZootermopsis were collected from the central Sierra Nevada and the Monterey Penninsula in California, and from southern Arizona. Cuticular hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for each caste of all colonies. Four consistent and distinct cuticular hydrocarbon patterns, or chemical phenotypes, were identified. Unique and abundant monomethyl- and dimethylalkanes, and ann-alkene provided easy separation of the various phenotypes. Significant differences in the proportions of the various components were found among castes within a colony and colonies within phenotypes from California. Differences in the hydrocarbon proportions for castes were not consistent between colonies. The current taxonomy of the genusZootermopsis recognizes three species. Our identification of four consistent, unique cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes from the three described species should alert systematists and others to a major concern. If there are truly only three extant species, then the hypothesis that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in this genus are species specific is not acceptable. Conversely, if cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are truly species specific, then there is at least one new, undescribed species ofZootermopsis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018791
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Termites of the Hawaiian Islands (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1167-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; Hawaiian Islands ; Pacific termites ; olefins ; methylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Seven species of termites (Isoptera) belonging to three families are found in the Hawaiian Islands. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes connexus Snyder, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light, Incisitermes immigrans Snyder, and the recently introduced Incisitermes minor (Hagen). Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen), a native of the Pacific Coastal region of North America has become established on Maui and is the sole representative of the Termopsidae. The only rhinotermitid known to be established in the Hawaiian Islands is Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. A closely related species, Coptotermes vastator Light, has been reported from the Hawaiian Islands, but not recently documented. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the established and introduced species, as well as for C. vastator from Guam. The diversity of the hydrocarbon mixtures was extreme. At least half the hydrocarbons of C. brevis, C. cynocephalus, I. immigrans, and N. connexus are olefins. C. formosanus and C. vastator make no olefins, but methyl-branched alkanes comprise ca. 95% and 85% of their hydrocarbon mixtures, respectively. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures appear to correlate with habitat requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005479826651
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular hydrocarbons of four populations ofCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki in the united states (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1635-1647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular lipids ; chemotaxonomy ; biogeography ; founder principle ; Coptotermes formosanus ; Isoptera ; Rhinotermitidae ; insect quarantine ; insect integument ; canonical discriminant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The degree of similarity among cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of four populations ofCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki in the United States is reported. Sixteen individual or isomeric mixtures of hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydrocarbon components consist ofn-alkanes, 2-methylalkanes, 3-methylalkanes, internally branched monomethylalkanes on carbons 9–15, and dimethylalkanes. The predominant hydrocarbons have 27 carbons in the parent chain. Methyl-branched hydrocarbons are more abundant thann-alkanes. No qualitative differences were apparent in the hydrocarbon components of workers or soldiers from any of the four populations. Quantitative differences in the hydrocarbon components separate castes and populations into different concentration profiles. Stepwise discriminant analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were used to choose and display seven hydrocarbon components for workers and three for soldiers that best reveal the differences among populations. Within-population variation is low compared to the differences among populations. These results suggest thatC. formosanus from Hallandale, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Lake Charles, Louisiana, are not related to those from Honolulu, Hawaii, and probably originated from other geographical locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014096
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Termites of the British Virgin Islands (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 927-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; Virgin Islands ; Caribbean termites ; olefins ; methylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the termites (Isoptera) of 17 islands of the British Virgin Island (BVI) complex yielded eight taxa belonging to three families. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes mona (Banks), Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and an undetermined species of Incisitermes, likely Incisitermes nr snyderi (Light) or I. incisus (Silvestri). The only rhinotermitid collected is an undetermined species of Heterotermes (Froggatt). Parvitermes wolcotti (Snyder), Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren), and N. acajutlae (Holmgren) comprise the Termitidae. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the taxa. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes, although the species of Incisitermes were not separable on the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006381.75185.86
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular hydrocarbons of eight species of north american cone beetles,Conophthorus hopkins (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1173-1198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular lipids ; chemotaxonomy ; methyl-branched hydrocarbons ; mass spectra ; Pinus species ; Coleoptera ; Conophthorus ; Scolytidae ; insect integument
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study to determine the degree of similarity and/or diversity among eight of the 15 described species ofConophthorus is reported. Cuticular hydrocarbons were evaluated forC. conicolens, C. ponderosae, C. cembroides, C. edulis, C. radiatae, C. coniperda, C. resinosae, andC. banksianae. Seventy-eight individual and isomeric mixtures of hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, includingn-alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, 2- or 4-methylalkanes, 3-methylalkanes, and single-component and isomeric mixtures of internally branched mono-, di-, and trimethylalkanes. Differences in alkenes and mono-, di-, and trimethylalkanes can be used easily to separate the eight species.Conophthorus conicolens andC. ponderosae contain the most complex blends. Hydrocarbon patterns in three geographically separated populations ofC. ponderosae, each from a different host, are qualitatively identical with the exception of a homologous series of 3,7-dimethylalkanes from adults collected fromPinus lambertiana cones. The latter could comprise a sibling species. Hydrocarbon mixtures of two eastern species,C. resinosae andC. banksianae, are qualitatively identical, supporting the suspicion thatC. banksianae may not be a valid species. Closely relatedC. cembroides andC. edulis have similar combinations of hydrocarbons except for a unique and abundant alkene (C27∶1) inC. edulis and two dimethyhexacosanes inC. cembriodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021018
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