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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 48 (2003), S. 283-306 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lacking a comprehensive fossil record, solitary representatives of the taxa, and/or a definitive phylogeny of closely related insects, comparison of the life history and social biology of basal, living groups is one of the few available options for developing inferences regarding the early eusocial evolution of ants and termites. Comparisons of a select group of basal formicid and isopteran taxa suggest that the reproductive organization of colonies and their patterns of division of labor were particularly influenced, in both groups, by nesting and feeding ecology. Opportunities for serial inheritance of the nest structure and colony population by kin may have been significant in the evolution of multiple reproductive forms and options. Disease has been a significant factor in the evolution of social organization in ants and termites, but the adaptive mechanisms of infection control differ. Evaluations of the convergent and divergent social biology of the two taxa can generate novel domains of research and testable hypotheses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 28 (1997), S. 27-54 
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eusociality in Isoptera (termites) converges along many lines with colony organization and highly social behavior in the phylogenetically distinct insect order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps). Unlike the haplodiploid Hymenoptera, however, both sexes of Isoptera are diploid. Termite families thus lack asymmetric degrees of genetic relatedness generated by meiosis and fertilization, so explanations for eusocial evolution based on such asymmetries are not applicable to Isoptera. The evolution of eusociality in termites likely occurred in small families in which most helpers retained developmental flexibility and reproductive options. A suite of ecological and life-history traits of termites and their ancestors may have predisposed them toward eusocial evolution. These characteristics include familial associations in cloistered, food-rich habitats; slow development; overlap of generations; monogamy; iteroparity; high-risk dispersal for individuals; opportunities for nest inheritance by offspring remaining in their natal nest; and advantages of group defense. Such life-history components are particularly persuasive as fostering social evolution because many are present in a broad group of eusocial taxa, including Hymenoptera, beetles, aphids, thrips, naked mole rats, and shrimp. The evolution of eusociality in Isoptera likely evolved in response to a variety of contributing elements and the selective pressures that they generated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 30 (1981), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Implications of variance in the time at which sibs become mature are considered, particularly with respect to the fragmentation of a parental genome over time. It is concluded that regardless of the adaptive derivation of various intra-sibship maturation schedules, they each have important genetic consequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 523-543 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; aggression ; kin recognition ; kin discrimination ; Zootermopsis ; Isoptera ; species interactions ; cuticular hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dampwood termite genus ZootermopsisEmerson contains three recognized species with four distinct and consistent hydrocarbon phenotypes. Agonistic behaviors among nonreproductive insects from colonies of the same and different hydrocarbon phenotypes were observed in the laboratory. Various combinations of soldier versus nymphs, pseudergate versus pseudergate, and soldier versus soldier encounters were used in experimental trials. Soldiers or pseudergates seldom attack individuals of the same hydrocarbon phenotype. Z. angusticollis(Hagen) (phenotype II) is typically aggressive toward phenotype III of Z. nevadensis(Hagen) but not always aggressive against phenotype I of Z. nevadensis.The variation in response is dependent on which castes are placed in the bioassay arena: soldier versus soldier bouts result in consistent aggression, while pseudergate versus pseudergate or soldier versus nymphs contacts do not. Both pseudergates and soldiers of Z. laticeps(Banks) (phenotype IV) respond agonistically toward the other three phenotypes: Z. angusticollis (II) and Z. nevadensis(I and III). Although hydrocarbon phenotypes I and III, both Z. nevadensis,are morphologically indistinguishable, agonistic behavioral responses between phenotype I and phenotype III are not equivalent to I versus I or III versus III behavioral responses. The I versus III engagements, regardless of the castes involved, display a greater proportion of avoidance and aggressive responses than I or III intraphenotype encounters. We interpret the lack of avoidance or aggressive behavior within each of the two phenotypes of Z. nevadensisand the significant avoidance and aggressive behavior between phenotypes as definite evidence of discrimination between disparate hydrocarbon phenotypes. These agonistic bioassays along with data on distinct hydrocarbon patterns and geographic distributions serve as the basis for creating two subspecies of Z. nevadensis: Z. n. nevadensis(Hagen) and Z. n. nuttingiHaverty and Thorne, ssp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Dissections of 49 entire Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) colonies collected in Panama immediately prior to the nuptial flights give data on numbers, biomass and sex ratio of alates produced by individual colonies. 2) Twenty-six other colonies were collected and dissected in the early period of alate nymph development. Alate nymphs proceed through five instars, spending 5–8 months within the parental colony. 3) Even when comparing colonies of similar size, variation in reproductive output among N. corniger colonies in a population is marked. Mature colonies (neuter population size 50,000–400,000) generally produce 5,000–25,000 alates, although some large colonies had no fertile brood, at least during the year they were censused. 4) On average, colonies which produce alates have 35% of the colony biomass invested in alates (or late instar nymphs) shortly before the nuptial flight. 5) Female N. corniger alates are 1.2–1.4 times heavier (dry weight) than male nestmates. Numerical sex ratio among colonies is skewed toward males, while biomass “investment” sex ratio is not significantly different from 1:1. These data conform to Fisher's amended theory of expected sex ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 29 (1982), S. 102-117 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neotropische TermiteNasutitermes corniger ist fakultativ polygyn. In Gebieten jungen Sekundär Waldes der früheren Kanalzone, Panama, wurden häufig polygyne Kolonien gefunden. Von 35 Nestern die zumindest eine Königen enthielten, hatten 12 Kolonien zwischen 2–22 Primär-Königinne. Alle Weibchen dieser vielfachen Vergesellschaftung waren physogastrische, voll pigmentiert und funktionelle Eierlegerinnen. Die polygynen Nester hatten eine Königinnen-Zelle mit manchmal mehreren Kammern. Unter Laborbedingungen verhielten sich die Königinnen nicht aggressiv untereinander. Alle Königinnen in einer Vergesellschaftung hatten ungefähr die gleiche Größe und Gewicht. Es scheint, daß polygyne Kolonien durch Abspaltung des Elternnestes entstehen, und daß die vielfachen Königinnen im neuen Nest Geschwister sind. Möglicherweise können polygyne Kolonien auch durch kooperative Nestgründung zustande kommen. Die ursprüngliche Königin inN. corniger Kolonien, könnte auch durch mehrere Töchter ersetzt werden, doch ist es unwahrscheinlich, daß dies die einzige Methode ist wie es zur Polygynie bei dieser Art kommt. Polygyne Nester wachsen wahrscheinlich schneller, haben eine größere Uberlebenschance und reproduzieren schneller als monogyne Nachbarn. Es wird angenommen, dass Polygynie besonders häufig in den Habitaten vorkommt, in denen die Uberlebenschance gering ist und wo ein schnelles Wachstum der Kolonie von Vorteil ist.
    Notes: Summary The Neotropical termiteNasutitermes corniger is facultatively polygynous. In areas of young second growth in the Republic of Panamá, polygynous colonies were found commonly. Of 35 nests collected with at least one queen, 12 colonies had from 2–22 primary (first-form) queens. All females were physogastric, fully pigmented, functional egg layers. Polygynous nests had one royal cell, sometimes with multiple chambers. The queens showed no aggression toward one another under laboratory conditions. All queens within an association were of approximately the same size and weight. It appears that polygynous colonies can be formed through budding of a parent nest and queening by several sibs from the parental colony (multiple adultoid reproductives). Formation may also be possible by cooperative co-founding of a nest by sibling queens without workers. Replacement of the original queen by more than one daughter may occur inN. corniger, but it is unlikely to be the sole method of generating polygyny in this species. Polygynous nests may grow faster, have a higher probability of survival, and a lower age of first reproduction than monogynous neighbors. I therefore predict that polygyny will prove most common in habitats where the probability of survival is low and rapid colony growth is advantageous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 14 (1984), S. 117-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary ecological aspects of monogyny and polygyny in social insect colonies are important in comparing individual queen reproductive success. Inseminated, fecund, multiple foundresses are common in some groups of ants and eusocial wasps, but true polygyny in termites has not previously been studied. One third of Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae) colonies sampled in areas of young second growth in Panama contained from 2–33 primary queens (not supplementary or neotenic reproductives). All queens in polygynous associations were fully pigmented, physogastric egg layers within a single royal cell. Multiple kings were found less frequently; true polyandry is apparently restricted to immature polygynous colonies. Data on queen weight and morphological features, and on colony composition, show that queens in polygynous nests are young and that a transition from polygyny to monogyny probably occurs after several years. The escalated growth rate of multiple queen colonies removes them from the vulnerable incipient colony size class more rapidly than colonies initiated by a single foundress, and gives them sufficient neuter support staff (workers and soldiers) to enable earlier production of fertile alates. Using a population model (Leslie matrix) I construct isoclines of equal population growth which show values of early age class probability of survival and reproductive output favoring monogyny or polygyny under individual selection. This model of queen mutualism accounts for the risk of a female in a polygynous group not succeeding as the final surviving queen. Multiple primary queens are considered rare in termites, but a review of the literature demonstrates that they may be more widespread than is currently recognized. Polygyny in termites has received scant attention but is of significance as an example of a further ecological and evolutionary convergence between the phylogenetically independent orders Isoptera and Hymenoptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 927-964 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; Virgin Islands ; Caribbean termites ; olefins ; methylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the termites (Isoptera) of 17 islands of the British Virgin Island (BVI) complex yielded eight taxa belonging to three families. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes mona (Banks), Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and an undetermined species of Incisitermes, likely Incisitermes nr snyderi (Light) or I. incisus (Silvestri). The only rhinotermitid collected is an undetermined species of Heterotermes (Froggatt). Parvitermes wolcotti (Snyder), Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren), and N. acajutlae (Holmgren) comprise the Termitidae. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the taxa. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes, although the species of Incisitermes were not separable on the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Numerous functional ergatoid replacement reproductives were found in one colony of Nasutitermes columbicus in Panama. Their morphology was mainly workerlike, although several imaginal characters such as the compound eyes and variable wing buds were more or less developed. The sex organs were fully mature and the fat body of the females, not of the males, was of the “royal” type. The development of the eyes was not accompanied by the differentiation of the optic lobes of the brain, nor was the presence of wing buds correlated with a development of the wing muscles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armitermes chagresi ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; termite ; chemical defense ; cephalic gland ; macrocyclic lactones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soldiers of the neotropical humivorous termiteArmitermes chagresi have large ice-tong-like mandibles for mechanical defense and a moderate length nasus from which cephalic gland defensive secretions are discharged. Soldiers do not eject secretion, but ooze droplets which are held at the nasus tip by hairs. The chemical secretion is composed of C22–C26 macrocyclic lactones, including C24 and C26 and α- and β-hydroxylated lactones, with C24 macrolides predominating. The cephalic gland secretion has no pheromonal properties and does not induce alarm or attraction in soldiers or workers. Upon application, the secretion repels and is irritating to ants, but does not appear to act as an antihealant. The defensive behavior and chemistry ofA. chagresi is discussed in light of termite ecology and evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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