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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 16 (1984), S. 46 
    ISSN: 0022-2828
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: pig ; myocardial ischaemia ; catecholamines ; ventricular fibrillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetised open-chest pigs, sequential myocardial samples were obtained before and after occlusion of the distal half of the LAD. These samples were analysed histofluorimetrically to determine the density of catecholamine containing neurones in each sample (quantified morphometrically), and radioenzymatically for total tissue noradrenaline content. Following coronary artery occlusion, 75% of the animals (24 out of 32) died in ventricular fibrillation in the first 30 min, the other 25% (8/32) survived the first 60 min of myocardial ischaemia. Coronary artery occlusion led to a significant reduction in the density of fluorescing fibres in the ischaemic myocardium of animals which fibrillated (from 1.25±0.2% to 0.67±0.10% at 15 min) whereas in the survivors there was no significant change in fluorescing area during the course of the experiment. Animals which fibrillated had a significant reduction in tissue noradrenaline concentration of the ischaemic myocardium (from an initial concentration of 612±72 to 402±64 ng/g ww) within the first 5 min of ischaemia. It is concluded that in this model of myocardial ischaemia, the development of ventricular fibrillation in the early phase seems to be related to the release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic neurones after the onset of myocardial ischaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rapid Freezing Technique for Muscle Tissue ; Muscle Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new technique for rapid sampling and freezing of tissue specimens from isolated skeletal muscles is described. A sharp-edged steel tube is connected to the spring of an air gun and shot obliquely through the muscle thereby excising a tissue cylinder. Exactly at the moment when the steel tube leaves the undersurface of the muscle the excised muscle cylinder is shot directly into a cooling agent by the increased pressure developed by the modified air gun. The time between excision and immersion of the muscle cylinder in the cooling agent does not exceed 10 msec. Therefore, the rapidity of cooling is practically limited by the thermal conductivity of the cooling agents and by the isolating gas cover formed around the tissue specimens. Experiments in dogs show that up to 6 specimens can be shot from one gastrocnemius by this technique without interrupting contractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 367 (1976), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Interstitial pH of working muscle ; pH microelectrodes ; Metabolic alkalosis ; Metabolic acidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In isolated gastrocnemius muscles from 19 dogs the interstitial H+ activity ([H+]int) was measured with bulb-type buffer-filled glass minielectrodes. The muscles were working isotonically and perfused with blood. In addition arterial and venous pH, venous O2 saturation, muscle temperature, and blood flow were measured continuously at rest, during 12 min of sustained exercise, and in the recovery period. Lactate (LA−) release and O2 consumption were calculated by the Fick principle. The experiments were performed under normal acid-base conditions and during artificially induced metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. 1. In normal acid-base balance [H+]int at rest was 54±3.3 neq/l (=pH 7.27), while venous H+ ([H+]ven) was 45±4.7 neq/l (=pH 7.34) A[H+] gradient was always observed between interstitial fluid and venous blood. 2. Immediately after onset of exercise [H+]int decreased transiently. After about 15 s [H+]int increased rapidly up to values of 105±7 neq/l (=pH 6.98). In the recovery period [H+]int diminished and reached control values after about 20–30 min. [H+]ven increased up to 74.4±8.1 neq/l (=pH 7.13). Maximal gradients between [H+]int and [H+]ven were 36 neq/l (=pH 0.2). 3. During repeated exercise the decrease in [H+]int at the onset of exercise was more extensive, while the subsequent increase was lowered. These changes correspond to a smaller LA− release. 4. During metabolic alkalosis at the onset of exercise [H+]int decreased less, during metabolic acidosis more than under normal acid-base conditions. Thereafter during metabolic alkalosis maximal values of 95.4±12 neq/l (=pH 7.03), during metabolic acidosis of 180±8.6 neq/l (=pH 6.74) were reached. This led to [H+] gradients between interstitial fluid and venous blood which were much higher in metabolic acidosis than in normal acid-base balance or in metabolic alkalosis. In metabolic acidosis [H+]int decreased very slowly during recovery. 5. During metabolic acidosis the muscle fatigues more rapidly than during metabolic alkalosis or during normal acid-base conditions. It is concluded that the H+ activity measured is that within the interstitial space. Exercise hyperemia is not caused by changes of [H+]int. Mechanisms are discussed which may explain H+ gradients between interstitial fluid and venous blood and rapid changes of [H+]int at the onset of exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lactic Acid Permeation in Skeletal Muscle ; Muscle Metabolism ; Metabolic Alkalosis and Metabolic Acidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In isolated, blood perfused, supramaximally stimulated, isotonically working gastrocnemii of dogs lactic acid (LA) output and O2-consumption (V O2) were measured according to the Fick principle. Simultaneously concentration of muscle tissue was determined at rest and at different times during exercise. In one series of experiments metabolic alkalosis was induced by infusions of THAM or Na bicarbonate. As a result arterial pH increased to about 7.5 and standard [HCO3 −] to 31–35 mmol per l. In another group of experiments metabolic acidosis was induced by HCl infusions. In these experiments pH decreased to 7.0–7.1 and standard [HCO3 −] to 8–11 mmol per l. During the first 3–4 min after the onset of exercise LA concentration of muscle tissue rose to 18–19 μmol per g wet weight in both series of experiments. During acidosis the highest average values for LA release from the muscle were about 1.1 μmoles per g per minute. During alkalosis LA permeation rate was nearly three times as high. As a consequence of increased rate of permeation, LA concentration of muscle tissue decreased more rapidly in alkalosis than in acidosis. In both series of experiments work per time andV O2 were practically equal during the first 5–6 min of exercise. Thereafter work per time andV O2 decreased more rapidly in acidosis than in alkalosis, a result which probably is due to higher LA concentration in muscle at this time in acidosis. It is concluded that LA permeation rate across muscle cell membrane is increased by high extracellular HCO3 − concentration in combination with low H+ activity and vice versa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results show, that with the testsubstance dilution method the outflow of the coronary sinus can be estimated on anaesthetized closed chest dogs. In addition it is possible to measure the mean circulation time in the coronary vascular bed and the coronary blood volume. Coronary flow is not impeded mechanically by the method. Measurements can be done frequently (1 measurement/min) and in an unlimited number. To calculate coronary sinus flow from the measured flow values 10% have to be substracted because one can assume, that about 10% of the dye, which is injected in one of the main branches of the left coronary artery, flows to the right ventricle, and therefore does not mixe with the coronary sinus blood. To relate the calculated flow to the left ventricle furthermore 2% have been subtracted, because a small part of the sinus flow derives from the right ventricle. The mean values, calculated in this way of 122 measurements on 9 dogs (N=21) are : for the flow : 94 ml/min. 100 g, for the mean circulation time 10,2 sec and for the coronary blood volume 15,6 ml/100 g. The first appearance time amounts to 1,8 sec. If coronary flow is enhanced by epinephrine or persantin [2,6-Bis(diäthanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido (5,4-d) pyrimidin] coronary blood volume increases and mean circulation time decreases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 276 (1963), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On closed chest dogs (morphin-chloralose-urethan-anesthesia) coronary sinus outflow and the fraction of blood deriving from the right coronary artery was measured with the testsubstance dilution method. While injections of testsubstance were made alternately into one mainbranch of the left coronary artery and into the right coronary artery time concentration curves were recorded from the coronary sinus blood. The following mean values were calculated: for the coronary flow 87.3±7.1 ml/min · 100 g, for the mean transit time within the left coronary artery 8.7±1.7 sec, for the mean transit time within the right coronary artery 10.5±0.5 sec, for the first appearance time in the left coronary artery 1.4±0.06 sec and in the right coronary artery 2.5±0.33 sec, for the intracoronary blood volume 12.4±1.0 ml/100 g. A mean value of 1.5±0.2% was found for the fraction of coronary sinus outflow deriving from the right ventricle muscle. At normal myocardial flow mainly values below 1%, at enhanced myocardial flow (300–400 ml/min × 100 g) mainly values between 2% and 3% were measured.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hunden in Morphin-Chloralose-Urethan-Narkose wurde der Sinusausfluß, sowie der Zustrom von Blut aus der rechten Coronararterie in den Sinus mit der Teststoffinjektionsmethode gemessen. Durch Farbstoffinjektionen bei geschlossenem Thorax abwechselnd in einen Hauptast der linken Coronararterie und in die rechte Coronararterie wurden bei peripherer Lage des Absaugkatheters im Coronarsinus Zeitkonzentrationskurven registriert. Es berechneten sich folgende Mittelwerte: für die Coronardurchblutung 87,3±7,1 ml/min · 100 g, für die mittlere Durchflußzeit in der linken Coronararterie 8,7±1,7 sec, für die mittlere Durchflußzeit in der rechten Coronararterie 10,5±0,5 sec, für die kürzeste Durchflußzeit in der linken 1,4±0,06 sec und in der rechten Coronararterie 2,5±0,33 sec, für das intracoronare Blutvolumen 12,4±1,0ml/100 g. Im Mittel stammten 1,5±0,2% des Sinusausflusses aus der rechten Kammermuskulatur. Bei normaler Coronardurchblutung wurden Werte unter 1%, bei gesteigerter (300–400 ml/min · 100 g) vorwiegend Werte zwischen 2% und 3% gemessen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 293 (1967), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurde bei geschlossenem Thorax der Herzstoffwechsel bei gleichzeitig erhöhter Konzentration von Milchsäure (MS) und Glucose untersucht. Gemessen wurden die arteriovenösen Differenzen für MS, Glucose und freie Fettsäuren (FFS) sowie der O2-Verbrauch und die Durchblutung des Herzmuskels. 17 min nach dem Beginn der Infusion von MS (4,5–9,0 mg/kg·min) und Glucose (10 mg/kg·min) war die MS-Konzentration von 15 auf 37 mg/100 ml angestiegen, nach 34 min hatte sie einen Wert von 69 mg/100 ml erreicht. Gleichzeitig stieg die MS-Aufnahme durch den Herzmuskel von 1,7 auf 7,1 und 9,4 mg/min·100 g an, der Anteil der MS am O2-Verbrauch des Herzens betrug 21, 74 und 87%. Die Glucosekonzentration stieg während der Infusion von 86 auf 142 und 162 mg/100 ml an. Die Glucoseaufnahme stieg dabei zunächst von 1,9 auf 3,5 mg/min·100 g an, fiel dann jedoch auf 1,8 mg/min·100 g ab. Das entspricht einem Anteil der Glucose am O2-Verbrauch von 20, 37 und 17%. Der FFS-Verbrauch fiel gleichzeitig von 4,8 auf 2,4 und 1,2 μval/min·100 g ab. Das entspricht einem Anteil am O2-Verbrauch von 36, 16 und 8%. Diese Abnahme des FFS-Verbrauchs ist sicherlich die Folge der durch die MS und Glucose gesenkten FFS-Konzentration. Der RQ stieg während der Infusionen von 0,80 auf 0,93 und 0,95 an. Die Summen der Anteile der Substrate, bezogen auf den O2-Verbrauch des Herzens, betrugen unter Ausgangsbedingungen 77%, während der Infusionen 126 und 118%. Die Befunde zeigen, daß der Herzmuskel seinen Energiebedarf überwiegend durch die Oxydation der MS decken kann. Es läßt sich berechnen, daß dadurch die arterielle MS-Konzentration bei Muskelarbeit in beachtlichem Maße gesenkt wird. Durch den hohen MS-Verbrauch wird der Abbau der Glucose gehemmt, so daß wahrscheinlich Glykogen gespeichert wird. Mechanismen im Intermediärstoffwechsel, die diese Befunde erklären können, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary On closed chest anesthetized dogs the myocardial consumption of lactate, glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and oxygen was measured while the concentration of lactate and glucose was enhanced simultaneously. 17 min after the beginning of the infusion of lactate (4.5–9.0 mg/kg×min) and glucose (10 mg/kg×min) the lactate concentration was increased from 15 to 37 mg/100 ml, 17 min later a concentration of 69 mg/100 ml was reached. At the same time myocardial lactate consumption increased from 1.7 to 7.1 and 9.4 mg/100 g×min and the myocardial oxygen extraction ratio rose from 21 to 74 and 87%. During the infusions the glucose concentration increased from 86 to 142 and 162 mg/100 ml. At first the glucose consumption increased from 1.9 to 3.5 mg/100 g×min but during the second infusion period glucose extraction decreased to 1.8 mg/100 g×min. The corresponding oxygen extraction ratios of glucose were 20, 37 and 17%. FFA extraction continuously went down during the infusions from 4.8 to 2.4 and 1.2 μval/100 g×min. The oxygen extraction ratios of FFA decreased from 36 to 16 and 8%. This is probably due to the decrease of the FFA concentration caused by the combined infusion of lactate and glucose. During the infusions respiratory quotient increased from 0.8 to 0.93 and 0.95. The sum of the myocardial oxygen extraction ratios was 77% under control conditions and 126 and 118% during the infusion period. These experiments show that heart muscle can gain nearly all its energy requirements solely by the oxydation of lactate. It can be calculated that heart muscle can decrease the high lactate concentration during increased muscle work to a considerable amount. Glucose oxydation is inhibited and glycogen synthesis is stimulated in the myocardium by a high lactate concentration. Intermediary mechanisms suitable to understand these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurde die Konzentration der Milchsäure (MS) durch MS-Infusionen (6 mg/kg·min) und die Konzentration der freien Fettsäuren (FFS) durch Noradrenalininfusionen (0,8 μg/kg·min) erhöht. Vor und während der Infusionen wurden bei geschlossenem Thorax die arteriocoronarvenösen Differenzen der MS, der Glucose, der FFS sowie des O2 und des CO2 bestimmt. 11 min nach dem Infusionsbeginn war die FFS-Konzentration von 0,59 auf 1,06 mval/l Plasma und die MS-Konzentration von 10 auf 30 mg/100 ml angestiegen. Gleichzeitig war der Anteil der MS am O2-Verbrauch des Herzens entsprechend der Zunahme der MS-Konzentration von 26 auf 49% angestiegen, der Anteil der FFS war dagegen von 44% unter Kontrollbedingungen auf 41% abgefallen. Das bedeutet, daß die Aufnahme der FFS zu diesem Zeitpunkt des Experimentes durch die hohe MS-Konzentration vermindert war. 27 bis 55 min nach dem Infusionsbeginn stieg die MS-Konzentration bis auf maximal 46 mg/100 ml, die FFS-Konzentration bis auf maximal 1,32 mval/l Plasma. Gleichzeitig fiel der Anteil der MS von 49 auf 34% ab, der Anteil der FFS stieg dagegen bis auf 68% an. Das bedeutet, daß der MS-Umsatz des Herzens zu diesem Zeitpunkt des Experimentes durch die hohe FFS-Konzentration gehemmt wurde. Der Anstieg der FFS-Konzentration war in diesen Experimenten geringer als in früheren Untersuchungen [3], in denen Noradrenalin bei normaler MS-Konzentration in gleicher Menge bei narkotisierten Hunden infundiert wurde. Das bedeutet, daß die durch Noradrenalin stimulierte Freisetzung der FFS durch die hohe MS-Konzentration gehemmt wurde.
    Notes: Summary On closed chest anesthetized dogs the concentration of lactic acid was increased by infusions of lactate (6 mg/kg×min) and the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) was increased simultaneously by infusions of norepinephrine (0.8 μg/kg×min). Before and during these infusions arteriocoronaryvenous differences of lactate, glucose, FFA, O2 and CO2 were measured. 11 min after the onset of the infusions the FFA concentration was increased from 0.59 to 1.06 mval/l plasma and lactate concentration was increased from 10 to 30 mg/100 ml. At this time oxygen extraction ratio of lactate was increased from 26 to 49% but oxygen extraction ratio of FFA was decreased slightly from 44 to 41%. This is interpreted as meaning that the extraction of FFA was inhibited by the high lactate concentration. Between the 27th and the 55th min after the beginning of the infusions there was a further increase of the lactate concentration up to 46 mg/100 ml and of the FFA concentration up to 1.32 mval/l plasma. During this period oxygen extraction ratio of lactate decreased significantly from 49 to 34% but oxygen extraction ratio of FFA increased from 41 to 68%. This is interpreted as being an inhibition of the lactate extraction in the myocardium by the high FFA concentration. In these experiments the increase of FFA concentration was lower than in former experiments in which the same dosis of norepinephrine was infused at a normal lactate concentration. This means that lipolysis stimulated by norepinephrine is inhibited by a high lactate concentration.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An narkotisierten Hunden wurde die Wirkung von i.v. und intracoronaren Infusionen von Isoprenalin, Adrenalin, Noradrenalin und Adenosin vor und nach der Blockierung der β-Receptoren auf die Coronardurchblutung und den O2-Verbrauch des Herzmuskels untersucht. Bei geschlossenem Thorax wurden der Coronarsinusausfluß (elektromagnetisch) und die coronarvenöse O2-Sättigung oder der coronarvenöse O2-Druck fortlaufend registriert. Der myokardiale O2-Verbrauch wurde aus der Durchblutung und der arteriovenösen O2-Differenz berechnet. Vor der β-Blockierung steigerten alle untersuchten Substanzen sowohl die Coronardurchblutung als auch den O2-Verbrauch des Herzmuskels. Kleine Isoprenalin-(0,04 μg/kg·min intracoronar, 0,1 μg/kg·min i.v.) und Adrenalindosen (0,1 μg/kg·min intracoronar, 0,4 μg/kg·min i.v.) steigerten den Coronarsinusausfluß und den coronarvenösen O2-Druck. Das bedeutet, daß die Coronardurchblutung sowohl indirekt durch Erhöhung des O2-Verbrauches als auch direkt durch Dilatation der Coronargefäße gesteigert wurde. Im Gegensatz dazu steigerte Noradrenalin die Coronardurchblutung, ohne gleichzeitig den coronarvenösen O2-Druck zu erhöhen. Das wird damit erklärt, daß diese Dilatation vorwiegend durch eine Steigerung des Herzstoffwechsels zustande kommt. Höhere Catecholamindosen (Isoprenalin 0,3 μg/kg·min, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin 1,2 μg/kg·min i.v.) steigerten die Coronardurchblutung und den myokardialen O2-Verbrauch erheblich. Dabei fiel der coronarvenöse O2-Druck ab (Isoprenalin) oder er stieg nur wenig an (Adrenalin und Noradrenalin). Das heißt, daß hohe Catecholamindosen die Coronardurchblutung vorwiegend indirekt durch Erhöhung des myokardialen O2-Verbrauches steigern. Die Infusion von Nethalide (4 mg/kg i.v.) führte zu einer Senkung des arteriellen Blutdruckes, der Coronardurchblutung, des coronarvenösen O2-Druckes und zu einem leichten Anstieg des coronaren Gefäßwiderstandes. Nach der Blockierung der β-Receptoren mit Nethalide waren die Wirkungen der drei Catecholamine auf die Durchblutung und den O2-Verbrauch des Herzmuskels blockiert oder weitgehend unterdrückt. Da Adrenalin- oder Noradrenalininfusionen den coronarvenösen O2-Druck nach der β-Blockierung nicht verminderten, ergab sich kein Anhalt für eine constrictorische Wirkung der Catecholamine in den Coronargefäßen. Im Gegensatz zu den Catecholaminen waren die coronardilatatorischen Wirkungen des Adenosins nach der β-Blockierung nicht unterdrückt. Aus den Ergebnissen wird gefolgert, daß β-Receptoren sowohl im coronaren Gefäßbett wie auch im Myokard vorhanden sind, und daß normalerweise ein leichter sympathischer coronardilatatorischer Tonus besteht. Isoprenalin und Adrenalin stimulieren die β-Receptoren im Herzmuskel und in den Coronargefäßen und haben dadurch neben ihrer stoffwechselsteigernden Wirkung auf die Muskulatur eine direkte dilatierende Wirkung auf die Coronargefäße. Noradrenalin steigert die Coronardurchblutung wahrscheinlich vorwiegend durch Erhöhung des Myokardstoffwechsels. In den vorliegenden Experimenten ergibt sich kein Anhalt dafür, daß auch α-Receptoren in den Coronargefäßen vorkommen. Falls α-Receptoren vorhanden sind, ist ihre Zahl im Vergleich zu der der β-Receptoren sicherlich gering. Die metabolische Regulation der Coronardurchblutung funktioniert sicherlich unabhängig von den sympathischen Receptoren.
    Notes: Summary The effects on coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism of intravenous and intracoronary infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and adenosine were studied in anesthetized closed chest dogs before and after β-blockade with pronethalol. Before β-blockade all substances increased coronary blood flow partly by a direct vasodilator action on the vessels and partly by an alteration of myocardial metabolism. Small doses of both isoprenaline (0,04 μg/kg·min intracoronarily or 0.1 μg/kg·min iv.) and adrenaline (0.1 μg/kg·min intracoronarily or 0.4 μg/kg·min iv.) increased both coronary blood flow and coronary venous pO2. This is interpreted as being a direct vasodilator effect on the coronary vessels. In contrast, noradrenaline (0.1 μg/kg·min intracoronarily or 0.4 μg/kg·min iv.) increased coronary blood flow without increasing coronary venous pO2 and this is interpreted as meaning that the vasodilator effect is mediated by a change in cardiac metabolism. Infusions of nethalide (4 mg/kg) decreased blood pressure, coronary flow and coronary sinus pO2 and slightly increased coronary vascular resistance. After β-blockade the effects of the catecholamines on coronary blood flow and oxygen consumption were blocked or markedly reduced. Since there was now decrease in coronary venous pO2, it is concluded that there is no evidence for the unmasking of a vasoconstrictor effect of the catecholamines in the coronary vascular bed. In contrast to the catecholamines the vasodilator effect of adenosine was unchanged after β-blockade. It is concluded that β-receptors are present in the walls of the coronary vasculature as well as within the myocardium and that there probably exists some degree of sympathetic vasodilator tone. Isoprenaline and adrenaline stimulate β-receptors both in the coronary vasculature and within the myocardium. Noradrenaline on the other hand increases coronary blood flow predominantly by an effect on myocardial metabolism. No evidence was found for the presence of α-adrenergic receptors in the coronary vascular bed. Although in fact there may be some present it is likely that they are few in number compaired with the β-receptors. The metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow has been found to be mediated independently from such sympathetic receptors.
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