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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sumbiosis with bacteria enhances the use of chitin by the springtail, Folsomia candida (Collembola) (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 126-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil ; Symbiosis ; Chitin degradation ; Collembola ; Folsomia candida ; Xanthomonas maltophilia ; Curtobacterium spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between Folsomia candida and chitin-degrading microorganisms was studied. On chitin agar, 1010 bacteria were isolated per g faeces, and 3.8×1011 bacteria per g gut contents, 1/3 of them showing a clear (chitin-free) zone around the colony. The most abundant chitin-degrading bacteria were Xanthomonas maltophilia and Curtobacterium sp. To determine the bacterial contribution in the use of chitin by F. candida, a feeding experiment was carried out. F. candida were fed with chitin, either amended with or without tetracycline as an inhibitor of bacteria. When tetracycline was omitted the biomass of F. candida was increased compared to those fed chitin with tetracycline. However, this result was observed only when the food replacement intervals were long enough to allow bacterial colonization before ingestion of the food. In a food-selection experiment, a preference for chitin colonized with microorganisms as opposed to sterile chitin was found. The results indicate that a mutualistic symbiosis of F. candida with chitinolytic microorganisms is likely to enhance chitin degradation. This relationship is not only intra-intestinal but also involves an extra-intestinal phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335794
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medium-term effects of a single application of mustard residues on soil microbiota and C content of vertisols (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 108-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Mustard meal ; Organic-C ; Vertisol ; Metabolic quotient ; Microbial community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A study of the effects of different qualities (fresh and composted) and rates (equivalent to 120, 240, and 360 kg N ha–1) of mustard meal application on wheat yields on humid tropical vertisol was started in 1990 at Ginchi Research Station in Ethiopia. After continuous wheat cropping for 7 years and without any further fertilisation, soil microbial parameters (basal respiration, microbial biomass-C and N, organic-C, and ecophysiological quotients) were studied during one growth period. After 7 years of application, mustard meal still exerted a significant positive effect on microbial biomass, basal respiration, organic-C, Cmic : Nmic ratio, and metabolic quotient (qCO2). Organic-C, qCO2 and Cmic : Nmic ratios were higher for the compost-amended plots than plots amended with fresh mustard meal. Basal respiration, Cmic, and Cmic : Nmic ratio showed a clear seasonality, but only in manured plots. The data indicate shifts in microbial community structure (from bacteria to fungi and from r to K strategists) and suggest positive medium-term effects of mustard meal on humid tropical vertisol biological qualities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050632
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic quotient of the soil microflora in relation to plant succession (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Soil respiration ; Metabolic quotient ; Succession ; Ecosystem theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this study we propose the hypothesis that ecosystem succession is accompanied by a decrease in the metabolic quotient qCO2 (respiration-to-biomass ratio) of the soil microflora. The qCO2 is calculated from basal respiration (CO2-C·h-1) per unit microbial biomass carbon (Cmier). The hypothesis was tested by studying two primary successions on recessional moraines of the Rotmoos Ferner (Austria) and the Athabasca Glacier (Canada). For both soil seres (0-〉200 years) it was shown that the qCO2 decreased with time, which corroborated the hypothesis. In addition, the short term development of the qCO2 was demonstrated with a revegetation trial. We observed a rise in qCO2 for the first two years after reclamation, followed by a subsequent decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388474
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of heavy metals on the degradative capabilities of soil bacterial communities (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 154-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Soil bacterial communities ; Aromatic substrates ; Loss of degradative capabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degradative capabilities of six heavy-metal-affected and six unaffected bacterial communities from Canadian and German soils were determined by enumerating colony-forming units on 20 specific media. Each of these contained an aromatic substrate as the sole source of C and energy. Comparisons of plate counts revealed that heavy metal stress caused a decrease in the eveness of the distribution of the 20 degradative capabilities This suggests that in heavy-metal-affected bacterial communities, relatively rare degradative capabilities, irrespective of their nature, are even rarer than in unaffected communities, while the reverse is true for more common capabilities. The results are discussed with respect to the ease with which aromatic substrates can serve as C and energy sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369419
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Decomposing Maize Litter on Community Level Physiological Profiles of Soil Bacteria (1998)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 35 (1998), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on substrate utilization were studied during the decomposition of maize litter under different simulated soil management systems. Laboratory experiments were conducted on agricultural soil samples from Denmark, Germany, and Italy. Maize litter was either placed on soil surface (mulched) or mixed into soil (incorporated) to simulate two soil management types: tillage and no-tillage. Control samples lacking maize litter were also investigated. All soil samples were incubated at 14°C for 52 weeks. Microbial parameters were assessed after 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 52 weeks of incubation. During incubation, we found a significant decrease in microbial biomass C in the soils amended with litter. For all treatment types, there was a clear shift in the CLPP during decomposition; during incubation, the relative utilization of carbohydrates decreased and the usage of amino acids increased respectively. After 52 weeks of incubation, the CLPP from all treatment types were very similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900085
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites (1988)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 15 (1988), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationship between soil microorganisms and soil organic carbon was studied on an agricultural and on a forest chronosequence of open-pit mine reclamation soils. Thirty years after reclamation, soil carbon levels of 0.8% on the agricultural sites and 1.7% on the forest sites (A-horizon) were reached. Microbial biomass rose very fast to levels characteristic of undisturbed soils. Microbial carbon (Cmier) was 57 mg·100 g−1 soil after 15 years on the agricultural sites and 43 mg·100 g−1 on the forest sites. The contribution of Cmier to the total organic carbon (Corg) decreased with time, more rapidly on the forest sites than on the agricultural ones. From the Cmierr/Corg ratio it became evident that both chronosequences had not yet reached a steady state within the 50 years of reclamation. A significant decrease of the metabolic quotient qCO2 (microbial respiration per unit biomass) with time was observed on the agricultural sites but not on the forest sites. The Cmier/Corg ratio proved to be a reliable soil microbial parameter for describing changes in man-made ecosystems. For evaluating reclamation efforts, the Cmier/Corg ratio can be considered superior to its single components (Cmier or Corg) and to other parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011711
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in functional abilities of the microbial community during composting of manure (1996)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 31 (1996), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was (a) to detect changes of the functional abilities of the microflora during composting of manure as a result of windrow turning frequency and (b) to detect differences between distinct zones within the windrows. Biolog GN microtiter plates containing 95 different carbon sources were inoculated with diluted suspensions of compost material containing 15,000 microorganisms per well (120 μl). We found a dramatic shift in functional microbial community structure during the 8-week composting process. The shift was more rapid when the compost windrows were turned. The substrate use pattern in the outer, well-aerated zone of the unturned windrow was similar to that of the turned windrows. Microbial biomass and respiration decreased more rapidly in the turned than in the unturned windrows, indicating a different pace of compost maturation. The data suggest that the Biolog assay may be a suitable approach to determine compost maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175077
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Functional Abilities of the Microbial Community During Composting of Manure (1996)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 31 (1996), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was (a) to detect changes of the functional abilities of the microflora during composting of manure as a result of windrow turning frequency and (b) to detect differences between distinct zones within the windrows. Biolog GN microtiter plates containing 95 different carbon sources were inoculated with diluted suspensions of compost material containing 15,000 microorganisms per well (120 μl). We found a dramatic shift in functional microbial community structure during the 8-week composting process. The shift was more rapid when the compost windrows were turned. The substrate use pattern in the outer, well-aerated zone of the unturned windrow was similar to that of the turned windrows. Microbial biomass and respiration decreased more rapidly in the turned than in the unturned windrows, indicating a different pace of compost maturation. The data suggest that the Biolog assay may be a suitable approach to determine compost maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175077
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil microbial biomass and respiration measurements: An automated technique based on infra-red gas analysis (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; infra-red gas analysis ; microbial biomass ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An automated system for continuous soil respiration and microbial biomass measurements based on Infra Red Gas Analysis was constructed. The switching device is computer controlled and allows hourly measurements of up to 24 samples when switching intervals of 2.5 min are selected. This allows the use of the substrate-induced respiration method for biomass determination. A software package to run the system was developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214547
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of forest fertilization on nitrogen leaching and soil microbial properties in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: forest fertilization ; lysimeter ; microbial biomass ; mineralization ; nitrogen leaching ; slow-release fertilizer ; soll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several boreal and alpine forests are depleted in nutrients due to acidification. Fertilization may be a remedy, but rapidly-soluble salts (N, P, K, Mg) may pose nitrate problems for the groundwater or decrease microbial activity. With the aim to investigate potential nitrogen leaching after fertilization we set up an experiment employing intact soil cores (11 cm diameter, 20–40 cm long) from a mixed forest and a Picea abies stand (soil type Rendsina) in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria. The cores were fertilized with a commercial NPK fertilizer or a methylene-urea-apatite-biotite (MuAB) fertilizer at a rate corresponding to 300 kg N ha-1 and incubated for 28 weeks together with unfertilized controls. Both soil water (retrieved 5 cm below the soil surface) and leachate were analyzed for nitrate and ammonium in regular intervals. After the incubation, soil microbial biomass and basal repiration were determined and a nitrogen mineralization assay was performed. For the control, in the soil water and leachate maximum NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations of 5 and 11 mg N L-1, respectively, were found. Compared to that, MuAB fertilizer resulted in a slow increase of NH4 + and NO3 - in the soil water (up to 11 and 35 mg N L-1 respectively) and in the leachate (4 mg NH4 +-N L-1 and 44 mg NO3 --N L-1). Highest nitrogen loads were found for the fast release NPK fertilizer, with NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations up to 170 and 270 mg N L-1, respectively, in the soil water. NH4 +-N levels in the leachate remained below 5, while NO3-N levels were up to 190 mg L-1. Fast- release NPK caused a significant decrease of microbial biomass and basal respiration. These parameters were not affected by MuAB fertilizer. The results suggest that the MuAB fertilizer may be an ecologically appropriate alternative to fast-release mineral fertilizers for improving forest soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029315
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