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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Open-field behavior and acquisition of discriminative response control in Δ9-THC tolerant rats (1973)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 29 (1973), S. 1251-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé La tolérance de l'effet du 1-Δ 9-tétrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) a été examinée par une méthode nouvelle. Les résultats obtenus permettent une interprétation de tolérance pharmacologique pourΔ 9-THC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01935102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of exteroceptive contextual conditions upon internal drug stimulus control (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentobarbital drug-stimulus ; Exteroceptive-interoceptive stimulus control ; Interaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a spatial T-maze discrimination either in a drugged (D=pentobarbital, 17.5 mg/kg) or in a non-drugged (N=saline) state (drug discrimination learning). Either of two external discriminative stimulus sets (light vs complete darkness) was consistently associated with the D or N state. When tested in the presence of the external stimulus previously associated with training in the D state, the animals made more drug-appropriate choices when tested with low pentobarbital doses as compared to testing in the external stimulus condition previously associated with the N state. This was reflected both in the ED50 values and the slopes of the dose-generalization gradients. The gradients of the controls were intermediate to those of the experimental rats. The present data suggest a new approach for studying interactions between controlling features in environmental events and the internal state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427490
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Δ9-THC as a discriminative stimulus in rats and pigeons: Generalization to THC metabolites and SP-111 (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 71 (1980), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ9-THC stimulus ; THC metabolites ; SP-111 ; Rats ; Pigeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a drug discrimination paradigm pigeons and rats were trained with an operant procedure to discriminate between the presence and absence of the effects of Δ9-THC (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, injected IM 90 min and I.P. 30 min before the start of the session). Once trained, various THC metabolites as well as a water-soluble derivative of THC (SP-111), were substituted for Δ9-THC to test for generalization to the training drug. Generalization to Δ9-THC occurred with the 11-hydroxy metabolites and the potency order was 11-OH-Δ9-THC 〉11-OH-Δ8-THC ⩾Δ9-THC. Among the other metabolites tested (8α-OH-Δ9-THC, 8α, 11-di-OH-Δ9-THC, 8β-OH-Δ9-THC, 8β, 11-di-OH-Δ9-THC), it was only 11-di-OH-Δ9-THC that completely substituted for Δ9-THC in pigeons, albeit at very high dose levels (rats were not tested with these metabolites). SP-111 generalized to Δ9-THC in both species. However, the onset of action of SP-111 was slower than that for Δ9-THC, especially in pigeons. These studies show the importance of obtaining complete dose-effect determinations over time when assessing structure-activity relationships with drug-discrimination procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433063
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A repeated tests procedure to assess onset and duration of the cue properties of (−)Δ 9-THC, (−)Δ 8-THC-DMH and (+)Δ 8-THC (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Rats ; (-)Δ 9-THC ; (-)Δ 8-THC-DMH ; (+)Δ 8-THC ; Tetrahydrocannabinols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a two-lever operant box in a drug discrimination procedure to respond differentially to the effects induced by 3 mg/kg of (-)Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the drug vehicle. Tests with (-)Δ 8-THC and the dimethyl-heptyl (DMH) homologue of (-)Δ 8-THC indicated that (-)Δ 8-THC-DMH was more potent but had a slower onset of action than (-)Δ 8-THC. Two ways of testing the onset and duration of action were compared. In one procedure (separate tests) the time course of the drug action was established by testing each time interval on separate days with a new injection each test day, whereas in the other procedure (repeated tests) all intervals were evaluated after a single injection. The results were similar for both procedures. The median time intervals for the decay of the (-)Δ 8-THC stimulus were 122 and 127 min for the separate and repeated tests procedures respectively. The median time intervals for the onset of action of the (-)Δ 9-THC effects of (-)Δ 8-THC were 65 and 62 min for the separate and repeated tests procedures respectively. The median time intervals for the decay of (-)Δ 8-THC-DMH (0.30 and 0.56 mg/kg) was between 8 and 24 h after injection. Furthermore, a stereoselective action is indicated, as (+)Δ 8-THC (5.6 and 10 mg/kg) did not substitute for (-)Δ 9-THC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432178
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin®) on drug discrimination and open-field behavior in gerbils (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Open field ; Temperature ; Chlormethiazole ; Gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chlormethiazole (CMZ, 80 mg/kg) was used as a discriminative stimulus in gerbils; i.e., the presence or absence of certain effects of the drug controlled the choice behavior (left or right turn) of the animals trained to escape electric shocks in a T-maze. Substitution tests with pentobarbital (5–25 mg/kg) and ethanol (0.5–2.5 g/kg) indicated at least a partial similarity in the stimulus effects of CMZ and the two other drugs. The CMZ stimulus was attenuated by 30 mg/kg of the analeptic bemegride (BMG). In Experiment II, gerbils were trained to discriminate CMZ (80 mg/kg) from either of two doses of ethanol (1.5 or 2.0 g/kg). The acquisition rates for the latter groups appeared some-what slower than that noted for the gerbils in Experiment I, although only one measure significantly differentiated the groups. A qualitative difference is proposed as the basis for the discrimination between CMZ and ethanol. Open-field (O-F) tests 5 min after injections of CMZ (80 mg/kg) depressed both horizontal (ambulation) and vertical (rearing) activity, effects found to be counteracted by BMG (30 mg/kg) during the initial segment of the O-F testing. However, a second O-F test carried out 60 min after injections showed that the behaviors of the gerbils treated with the combination of CMZ and BMG were now markedly depressed. The effects of the drug combination on colonic temperature of the gerbils showed similar changes over time; i.e., the mixture of BMG and CMZ resulted in a normal colonic temperature response 5 min postinjection (p.i.), after which a marked drop of temperature followed at the recordings 60 min p.i.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427752
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enantiomeric cannabinoids: stereospecificity of psychotropic activity (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 762-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cannabinoids ; stereospecificity ; psychotropic activity ; drug discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The 1,1-dimethylheptyl homolog of (−)-(3R,4R)-7-hydroxy-delta-6-tetrahydrocannabinol (compoundII) is highly psychotropic in mice, rats and pigeons. The (+)-(3S,4S) enantiomer (III) was found to be psychotropically inactive at doses up to several thousand times those of the ED50 of (II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959156
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physostigmine attenuation ofΔ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol induced hyperthermia in rats (1974)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 779-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ratten, die mit 1,0 mg/kg Δ9-THC behandelt wurden, zeigten eine Steigerung der rektalen Temperatur. Dieser Effekt wurde durch Physostigmin, nicht aber durch äquimolare Dosen von Neostigmin vermindert. Temperaturerhöhungen durch Morphium wurden auch durch Physostigmin gehemmt. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass die thermischen Reaktionen hauptsächlich zentralen Ursprungs sind und in sich ein cholinergisches Glied schliessen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01924183
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioning of an interoceptive drug stimulus to different exteroceptive contexts (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentobarbital ; Drug cue ; External conditioning ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments are described showing that a pentobarbital versus saline discrimination can be differentially conditioned to different external contexts. In experiment 1, rats differentiated two T-shaped mazes (one water maze and one electrified maze). In experiment 2, the external stimuli were the presence and absence of light during training in the electrified T-maze. These experiments constitute the first examples where a single drug versus nondrug discrimination has been conditioned to different external contexts requiring an opposite response pattern by the same animal. The data are in accordance with a stimulus interpretation of drug discrimination learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431094
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative effects of combinations of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and pentobarbital in pigeons (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Δ9-THC ; Pentobarbital ; Pigeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study is to examine potentially additive effects of pentobarbital and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Δ9-THC using a drug discrimination paradigm. Three groups of pigeons were trained to discriminate between the effects induced by i.m. administrations of either (a) 0.25 mg/kg Δ9-THC and vehicle, (b) 4 mg/kg pentobarbital and saline, and (c) Δ9-THC and pentobarbital. Test probes under extinction conditions produced orderly dose generalization gradients among the drug-vs nondrug-trained animals. ED50 for pentobarbital was 1.60 mg/kg and ED50 for Δ9-THC was 0.10 mg/kg. Tests in birds discriminating between pentobarbital and Δ9-THC suggested a sharpening of the drug cue effects; tests with the vehicles resulted in approximately a random key selection (33%–66%) while tests with combinations of the two training drugs suggested that Δ9-THC was the more salient cue in this group. Tests with combinations of various doses of pentobarbital and Δ9-THC in the drug-vs nondrug-trained birds did not increase responding on the respective drug-training associated key. Thus the cue effects of pentobarbital and Δ9-THC were not summational under these experimental conditions. In conclusion, rather low doses of pentobarbital and Δ9-THC are effective as discriminative cues in pigeons and the cues thus induced are different. Combinations of the two drugs are not necessarily summational, and the pentobarbital vs the Δ9-THC discriminations augmented the discriminable effects of the two drugs. In addition, the analeptic drug, bemegride, antagonizes the pentobarbital (4 mg/kg) stimulus in the group trained to discriminate between this barbiturate and saline, which agrees with earlier drug antagonism data obtained among mammals (gerbils and rats), required to discriminate between barbiturates and the nondrug condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433555
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulus effects of Δ9-THC and its interaction with naltrexone and catecholamine blockers in rats (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 193-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Δ9-THC ; Antagonism ; Naltrexone ; Catecholamine blockers ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats trained in a T-shaped maze to discriminate the effects of i.p. injections of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, 4mg/kg) and the effects of the vehicle were tested for antagonism and generalization to the Δ9-THC stimulus by naltrexone (4 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.32 mg/kg), propranolol (20 mg/kg), and phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg). None of these drugs blocked the Δ9-THC stimulus, nor were they found to generalize to Δ9-THC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426779
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